Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals of Biochemistry > M01 Introduction to Biochemistry > Flashcards

M01 Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hierarchy of simple to complex in the human body?

A

Atoms → Molecules → Macromolecules → Organelles → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Body System of Organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the most abundant elements found in living systems?

A

C, N, O, H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are polysaccharides component monomers?

A

Monosaccharides (carbohydrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for planet earth?

A

The sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four major types of biomolecules?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Lipids
  • Nucleotides
  • Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general structure of amino acids?

A

Central carbon atom is bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen, and the R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general structure of lipids?

A

Long chains of hydrocarbons and poorly soluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general structure of nucleotides?

A

Composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing ring, and one or more phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the general structure of carbohydrates?

A
  • Compounds of C, H, O
  • General formula - (CH₂O)n where n is at least 3
  • Simplest form - monosaccharides, or sugars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do functional groups determine?

A

Chemical reactivity and molecular structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small molecules that combine to form polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are polymers?

A

Macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 types of polymers?

A
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Polysaccharides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are proteins component monomers?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are nucleic acids component monomers?

A

Nucleotides (DNA and RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Presence of sub-cellular organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of biological molecules does not form polymers? Why?

A

Lipids do not form polymers due to lack of common functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does it mean to be an informational macromolecules?

A

Order of monomers important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which polymers are informational?

A

Proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some of the properties of enzymes?

A
  • Biological catalysts
  • Some enzymes are protein and some are RNA
  • Catalytic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is catalytic activity?

A

Ability to increase rate of reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme depend on?

A

Depends on its amino acid sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are changes in energy calculated?

A

Calculated as the final minus the initial state

24
Q

What type of energy change is associated with spontaneous reactions?

A
  • If change in free energy is negative (free energy decreases), rxn is spontaneous
  • If change is positive (free energy increases), rxn will not occur unless energy supplied
25
Q

What is a spontaneous reaction?

A

Reaction or process that takes place without inside intervention

26
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

27
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

Total entropy of a system must increase over time

28
Q

What is the definition of Gibbs free energy?

A

𝚫G = 𝚫H – T𝚫S
- Energy relevant to biochemical systems

29
Q

What is enthalpy (H)?

A

Heat constant of a system (heat of a reaction at constant pressure)
- Exothermic: heat released (–)
- Endothermic: heat absorbed (+)

30
Q

How does enthalpy (H) relate to G?

A

A (–) change in enthalpy contributes to a (–) change in Gibbs free energy (a spontaneous reaction)

31
Q

If a reaction is exothermic, will enthalpy be positive or negative?

A

Negative

32
Q

If a reaction is endothermic, will enthalpy be positive or negative?

A

Positive

33
Q

What is entropy (S)?

A
  • Measure of the dispersion of the energy of the system
  • Measure of disorder or randomness
34
Q

How does entropy relate to G?

A
  • As it increases it contributes to spontaneity of change
  • (+) change in entropy is associated with a tendency toward spontaneity (–) free energy change
35
Q

How does temperature relate to entropy and G?

A

Temperature and entropy are proportional
- ↑ temperature → greater kinetic energy (molecules move faster) → higher randomness → ↑ in enthalpy
- (+) change in enthalpy is associated with a tendency towards spontaneity (–G)

36
Q

Under what conditions would 𝚫G always be a negative value?

A

If 𝚫H is negative and 𝚫S is positive, 𝚫G will always be negative and the reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures

37
Q

How does the principle of spontaneity relate to 𝚫G?

A
  • 𝚫G > 0 - nonspontaneous or endergonic
    • Endergonic: energy-absorbing
  • 𝚫G < 0 - spontaneous or exergonic
    • Exergonic: energy-releasing
38
Q

What are the general principles associated with the Big Bang Theory?

A
  • All matter originally confined to comparatively small volume of space
  • An explosion resulted in rapid expansion of fireball
39
Q

What gases were present in early Earth?

A

NH₃, H₂S, CO, CO₂, CH₄, N₂, H₂, and H₂O

40
Q

What was the general way in which the heavier elements were produced?

A

Formed by thermonuclear reactions in stars, explosions, and cosmic rays

41
Q

What defines prokaryotes?

A

Lack nucleus and internal organelles
- Archaea and bacteria

42
Q

What defines eukaryotes?

A
  • Most often larger than prokaryotic cells
  • Contain nucleus and intracellular compartments
  • Unicellular or multicellular
43
Q

What are the intracellular compartments of eukaryotes?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Lysosome
  • Peroxisome
  • Glyoxysome
  • Chloroplast
44
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA synthesis

45
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough parts studded with ribosomes

46
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Series of flattened membranes; involved in secretion of proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to other cellular components

47
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions; has its own DNA

48
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sites of protein synthesis

49
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

50
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide

51
Q

What are glyoxysomes?

A

Found in plant cells only; contain enzymes that catalyze the glyoxylate cycle, a pathway that converts some lipids to carbohydrates with glyoxylic acid as an intermediate

52
Q

What is a cholorplast?

A
53
Q

What are the two classification systems?

A
  • 3-Domain
  • 5-Kingdom
54
Q

What is the 3-domain classification system based on?

A

Uses the sequences of ribosomal RNA of each species

55
Q

What are the domains in the 3-domain classification system?

A
  • Prokaryotes
    • Bacteria
    • Archaea
  • Eukaryotes
    • Eukarya
56
Q

What is the 5-kingdom classification system?

A

Classification system that takes into account differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- Provides classifications for eukaryotes that are neither plants nor animals

57
Q

What are the kingdoms in the 5-kingdom classification system?

A
  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia

Fundamentals of Biochemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions