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Semester 2 > M&R - Membrane Permeability > Flashcards

M&R - Membrane Permeability Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive transport dependent upon?

A

Permeability and concentration gradient

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2
Q

What is the relationship between the rate of passive transport and concentration gradient?

A

Increases linearly

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3
Q

How can you confer permeability to a lipid bilayer?

A

Insert proteins that are specific

E.g. Cl- normally exceedingly low permeability but is 10 to 7 fold higher through erythrocyte membrane because an anion transporter (band 3) is present.

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4
Q

What are the roles of transport processes? (6)

A

Maintain ionic composition
Maintain intracellular pH
Regulate cell volume
Concentration of metabolic fuels and building blocks
Extrusion of waste products of metabolism and toxic substances
Generation of ion gradients necessary for electrical excitability of nerve and muscle

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5
Q

What are the models of membrane transport?

A

Ping pong transport - protein changes conformation, binds to substrate, releases substrate on other side

Facilitated diffusion via ion channels (ligand gated or voltage gated) - protein which opens channel, selective for ion, conformational change, channel opens, substrate can run tbrought

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6
Q

Give two examples of ligand gated ion channels?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

ATP sensitive K+ channel

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7
Q

Give an example of a voltage gated ion channel.

A

Na+ channel - Voltage sensors open when change in membrane potential detected

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8
Q

What type of process is facilitated diffusion?

A

Saturable transport process - each carrier can only interact with one of a few ions at any moment and there are only a finite number of transporters present in the membrane

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9
Q

What is active or passive transport dependent on? (2)

A

Concentration ratio

Membrane potential

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10
Q

Define active and passive transport

A

Passive transport - transport of ion/molecule can occur spontaneously

Active - Transport of molecules against an unfavourable concentration/electrical gradient. Requires energy (directly or indirectly) from ATP hydrolysis to be transported.

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11
Q

What are the values of free ion distribution across the cell membrane?

A

Na+. 145/12 mM
Cl- 123/4.2 mM
Ca2+. 1.5mM/ 10-7M

K+ 4/155 mM

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12
Q

Name two primary active transporter (2)

A

PMCA - Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase

SERCA - Sarcoplasmic recticulum Ca2+ ATPase

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13
Q

Define Uniport, Symport, Antiport

A

Uniport - one solute molecule transported from one side of membrane to another in a single direction

Symport - Transport of a solute molecule depends on the simultaneous transfer of a second solute in same direction. Two molecules in one direction.

Antiport - transport of two molecules in different directions

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14
Q

Name two secondary active transporters

A

NCX Na+Ca+ exchanger - removes most calcium

Mitochondrial Ca2+ uniports - removes residual calcium

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15
Q

What is co-transport?

A

More than one type of ion or molecule may be transported on a membrane transporter per reaction cycle

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16
Q

Describe the Na+ pump (Na+/K+ ATPase)

A

Found in all cells
Cruical to maintenance of gradients for Na+ and K+ across plasma membrane
Requires ATP

3 Na+ are removed from the cell
2 K+ are brought into the cell

17
Q

What is Ouabin (cardiac glycoside) used for?

A

Congestive heart failure
Inhibits Na+ pump
Reduces Na+ gradients and therefore increases membrane potential, action firing and force of contraction

18
Q

What are the two subunit proteins of the sodium pump?

A

Alpha subunit - does everything

Beta subunit - directs protein to plasma membrane

19
Q

What types of molecules can permeate a lipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophobic molecules
- 02, CO2, N2, Benzene

Small uncharged polar molecules - H20, Urea, Glycerol

20
Q

What is the Na+ Ca2+ exchanger?

A

High capacity, low affinity secondary active transport system

Removes Ca2+ from the cell by using the energy from the influx of Na+ down its electrochemical gradient and membrane potential

1 Ca2+ removed
3 Na+ in

Depolarised membranes - exchanger reverses and contributes to Ca2+ influx during cardiac action potential

21
Q

Describe the Na+ H+ Exchanger (NHE).

A

Secondary active transport exchanger

Uses inward electrochemical gradient for Na+ to expel H+, leading to cell alkalinisation

1 Na+ in
1 H+ out

Can regulate pH and cell volume.
Important in cell growth

22
Q

Describe the Na+ glucose co-transport.

Where are these co-transports found?

A

Entry of Na+ provides the energy for glucose to move against concentration gradient

Small intestine and kidney

23
Q

Relate the transports to a medical condition

A

Cystic fibrosis - defective CFTR gene.
Lots of proteins working together to get Cl- into cell
Cl- not being transported out of cell
Knock on effect to other transporters

Diarrhoea
Increased function of transporters = Lots of Cl- being transported out of cell.
Water follows Cl-
Leads to diarrhoea

24
Q

What is the role of the Na+ pump? (2)

A

Form Na+ and K+ gradients - necessary for electrical excitability

Drives secondary active transport

  • control pH
  • regulate cell volume
  • absorption of Na+ in epithelia
  • nutrient uptake
25
Q

What is the problem of having too much calcium in cells?

A

High intracellular calcium is toxic

Cells can signal by small changes in Ca2+

26
Q

What transporters control cell pH?

A

Acid extruders
Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)
Na+ dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter)

Base Extruders
Cl-/HCO3- Anion exchanger

27
Q

Which bicarbonate transporters are involved in cell volume regulation?

A

Na+ bicarbonate-chloride cotransporter - alkalinises cell

Anion exchanger - acidifies cell

28
Q

What transporter would be used for alkali extrusion?

A

Anion exchanger - band 3

29
Q

What do you want to do to cell during cell swelling and cell shrinking?

What ions would be involved?

A

Cell swelling - extrude ions
Cell shrinking - influx ions

Na+
K+
Cl-

30
Q

What organ reabsorbed all bicarbonate that is filtered into the proximal tubule? and why?

A

Kidney - to retain base for pH buffers

31
Q

What are the three areas Na+ undergoes reuptake in the kidney?

A

Thick ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Cortical collecting duct

32
Q

How is Na+ re-uptaken in the thick ascending limb?

A

Loop diuretics inhibit the Na+/K+ transporter
This allows more Na+ than would normally be lost is lost as less is re- uptaken
More water follows
Reduced BP

33
Q

What happens to Na+ reuptake in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Amiloride inhibits ENaC so Na+ can not be re uptaken

Thiazides - inhibit NCCT

Less Na+ is taken up into the cell and more lost

34
Q

What happens to Na+ uptake in the cortical collecting duct?

A

ADH acts on aquaporin an stimulates the production to increase water retention

Spironoalactone - mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Used to stop over expression of aldosterone
Aldosterone increases sodium and water retention

K+ equilibrated by ROMK channels

Semester 2 (26 decks)

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