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Semester 2 > CVS - Flow Through Tubes > Flashcards

CVS - Flow Through Tubes Flashcards

1
Q

What must happen to blood pressure to allow it to keep flowing?

A

The pressure must fall all the way from the aorta to vena Cavae

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2
Q

What is blood flow driven by?

What is flow proportional to?

A

Gradient of pressure

Proportional to the pressure difference between the ends of the vessel

Higher the pressure going to low pressure = increased flow

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3
Q

What is flow resistance?

What is it determined by?

A

Flow for a given pressure is determined by the resistance of the vessel

Nature of fluid and the vessel

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4
Q

Define flow

Define velocity

A

The volume of fluid passing a given point per unit time

The rate of movement of fluid particles along the tube

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5
Q

At given flow rate, In vessels with small cross sectional area e.g. Aorta what would the velocity of blood flow be?

A

High velocity

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6
Q

What is meant by laminar?

A

There is a gradient of velocity from middle to the edge of the vessel

Velocity is highest in the centre and fluid is stationary at the edges.

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7
Q

What is meant by turbulent?

What happens to flow resistance?

A

As mean velocity increases, flow eventually becomes turbulent.

Velocity gradient breaks down as layers of fluid try to move over each other faster than physics will allow

Fluid tumbles over –> greatly increasing flow resistance

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8
Q

What type of flow occurs in most blood vessels?

A

Laminar flow

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9
Q

In a vessel with constant pressure driving flow, how is flow determined?

What does that depend upon?

A

Mean velocity

Dependent upon - viscosity of the fluid, radius of the tube

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10
Q

What is viscosity?

What would happen to the flow in high viscosity?

What would the average velocity be?

A

The extent to which fluid layers resist sliding over one another

Central layers flow slower, lower average velocity

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11
Q

What does viscosity determine?

What is the effect of the radius of the tube on flow rate?

What is mean velocity proportional to?

A

Slope of the gradient of velocity

Wider the tube, the faster the middle laters will move

Cross sectional area of the tube.

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12
Q

What may cause hyperviscosity?

A

Abnormally high plasma proteins

Abnormally high RBC or WBC count

Underlying condition must be treated otherwise it re-occurs

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13
Q

What may cause cardiac murmurs in a severely anaemic patient?

A

High blood flow velocities

Decreased viscosity of the blood caused by low RBC

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14
Q

What is the relationship between pressure, resistance and flow?

What factors affect flow resistance?

A

Pressure = flow X resistance

Resistance increases as viscosity increase

Resistance decreases to the fourth power of an increase in radius

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15
Q

If pressure is fixed, what will happen to resistance and flow?

If flow is fixed, what is the effect of high resistance?

A

Higher resistance, lower the flow

Higher resistance, the greater the pressure change from one end of the vessel to the other

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16
Q

What happens to flow at all points in circulation?

What resistance are arteries?

Arterioles?

Veins?

A

Flow is the same

Low resistance

High resistance

Low resistance

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17
Q

Why is the pressure within the arteries high?

A

Due to the arterioles high resistance.

It is difficult to push blood into them, therefore pressure increases

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18
Q

When does flow become turbulent?

A

Flow velocity is high
Low viscosity
Lumen of vessel is irregular

If vessel irregularly narrowed ee.g atherosclerosis

19
Q

Given each capillary is very small and has high resistance why is their collective resistance low?

A

Many capillaries are connected together in parallel which gives them low resistance

20
Q

What is the transmural pressure?

What happens when pressure increases?

A

The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the tube

Pressure increase –> walls stretch –> resistance falls

21
Q

What is capacitance?

A

Distensible vessels being able to store blood

22
Q 
What is the function of the:
Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins?
A

Heart - cyclic muscular pump, enable circulation
Arteries - gross conduction and distribution of blood supply
Arterioles - local distribution of fine control to defined tissue volume
Capillaries - micro diffusion and filtration
Veins - collection, return and capacitance

23
Q

Define compliance

Define capacitance

A

Ability to distend and increase volume due to pressure increase

Effectively same as compliance - measure of relative volume increase per unit increase in pressure. (reservoir)

24
Q

Define pressure

A

Measure of mechanical energy gradient in blood that drives its flow around different parts of the system

25
Q

How do you measure cardiac output?

What is it about?

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

5l.min to the -1

26
Q

Define the total peripheral resistance

A

The sum of all Arteriolar resistance

The sum of the resistance of all the peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation

27
Q

Describe the arterial pressure in systole

And diastole

A

Maximum arterial pressure

Minimum arterial pressure

28
Q

What drives flow at all times in the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood pressure gradient

29
Q

What is the typical systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

120 mmHg

80 mmHg

30
Q

What factors affect systolic and diastolic pressure

A

How hard the heart pumps

Arterial compliance ‘stretchiness’ of elastic arteries

Total peripheral resistance

31
Q

What happens to the pulse pressure down the arterial tree?

A

Variation in pulse pressure decreases

Approaches smoothed mean prior to flowing capillary circulation

32
Q

What happens to the pressure gradient by the time it gets to the capillaries?

A

Decreases substantially by the time it gets to capillaries - but there is enough pressure to drive it through otherwise you would get Ischaemia

33
Q

Name two resistance vessels

What is the resistance in these vessels?

A

Arterioles and pre capillary sphincters

High resistance - narrow lumen due to proportionately large amount of smooth muscle

34
Q

Why do Arterioles have high resistance?

A

Narrow lumen due to the large amount of smooth muscle in tunica intima

35
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

What is one of the main influences?

A

Continuous contraction of the muscle.

As muscles do not actively relax, expect under maximum flow there must always be some vasoconstriction.

Vasodilation is reduced vasoconstriction

Sympathetic branch of the autonomic nerves system

36
Q

What happens to vasomotor tone at rest?

Why?

A

High vasomotor tone - tonic contraction of smooth muscle

Modest resource demand, no need to employ large functional reserve, increase SNS activity driving alpha 1 GPCRs - contraction leads to further vasoconstriction

37
Q

What type of metabolites do metabollically active tissues produce?

Name four.

What effect do they have on blood flow?

A

Vasodilation metabolites

H+, K+, Adenosine, Lactate, CO2

Relax vascular smooth muscle, lowering resistance and increasing blood blow

38
Q

What would decrease vasomotor tone?

How are metabolic factors removed?

A

Metabolic activity and release of vasodilation factors (usually acute)

Increased blood supply removes metabolic factors with gradual return to vasomotor tone dominated by SNS

39
Q

In reactive hyperthermia when blood flow is restored why are the local arterioles dilated maximally and blood flow very high?

A

As blood to an organ has been cut off and then restored.

Organ/limb has continued metabolising and producing vasodilators during the period of no circulation.

When circulation is restored, arterioles dilate maximally and blood flow very high

40
Q

What is compliance?

A

The ability of a blood vessel wall to expand and contract passively with changes in pressure

E.g. Veins - high compliance - accommodate change rapidly

41
Q

What is the pressure in veins determined by?

A

Volume of blood they contain

Which is determined by:
Cardiac output
Body metabolic demand
Back pressure from pressure waves

42
Q

What is central venous pressure?

What is it usually?

What does it depend on?

A

Pressure measured in the great veins supplying the heart

Required for filling RA in diastole

2-6 mmHg

Return of blood from body, pumping of the heart, gravity and muscle pumping

43
Q

How do arterioles control variable blood flow to tissues?

A

Walls contain much smooth muscle whose state of contraction determines lumen diameter and therefore flow resistance

44
Q

What are the two major subdivisions of the vascular system?

How are they arranged?

What is each subdivision composed of?

How are most vessels of a given type arranged?

A

Systemic and pulmonary circulations

In series with one another

Number of types of vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins)

In parallel

Semester 2 (26 decks)

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