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Nclex Study > M&E > Flashcards

M&E Flashcards

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0
Q

What are some indications of dehydration?

A

Sunken eyeballs and increased bun

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1
Q

What are signs of water intoxication Signs of water intoxication

A

Confusion and seizures due to cerebral Adema

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2
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis is

A

A form of metabolic acidosis

Blood glucose is elevated because of insufficient insulin secretion. Because the glucose cannot enter the cells, energy is produced by breaking down glycogen and fat. Fat metabolism results in the formation of Ketones, and acidotic substance

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3
Q

Symptoms of hyperglycemia

A

Polydipsia
polyurea
weight loss

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4
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

Irritability
diaphoresis
tachycardia

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5
Q

Symptoms of Crohn’s disease

A

Diarrhea
abdominal pain
weight loss

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6
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Weight gain
tiredness
bradycardia

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7
Q

What are commonly ordered meds hyperglycemia

A

Metformin & sulfonylureas

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8
Q

What are some interventions for hypoglycemia

A

Checking the blood glucose level and administering carbohydrates will elevate blood glucose

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9
Q

What are some treatments for ascites

A

Restricting salt
giving diuretics
Performing a paracentesis

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10
Q

Treatments for myocardial infraction

A

ECG

nitroglycerin

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11
Q

Type two diabetes is controlled primarily through

A

Diet
exercise
oral
antidiabetic agents

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12
Q

Treatment for diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

Restoration of fluid volume,
Electrolyte management
Reversal of acidosis
Control blood Glucose

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13
Q

What is a chronic complications DM

A

Retinopathy therefore yearly eye examinations are recommended

Because of the risk of serious foot injury, shoes should be properly and correct size

Exercise decreases insulin resistance

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14
Q

Which of the following insulin is prescribe to provide basal coverage

A

Novolin mph

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15
Q

After a bilateral adrenalectomy The patient should be instructed to avoid?

A

Physical and emotional stress

After a bilateral adrenalectomy, The patient cannot secrete stress hormones to maintain homeostasis during stressful situations. The patient should be instructed to avoid physical and emotional stressors

The patient will require a life long low dose of steroids

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16
Q

Addisonian crisis causes

A

Severe hyperkalemia. So administration of potassium chloride is contraindicated

Addisonian crisis or adrenal crisis , is a medical emergency cause by severe adrenocortical insufficiency

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17
Q

Addisonian crisis or adrenal crisis causes

A 
Severe hypotension 
hypoglycemia 
hyperkalemia, 
hyponatremia 
weakness 
weight loss 
 Abdominal pain

Treatments include the aministration of hydrocortisone,
Saline
dextrose

Vasopressors are not usually given but can help maintain blood pressure

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18
Q

What is a discharge instruction for hyperparathyroidism

A

Exercise regularly

Hyperparathyroidism increases bone resorption, causing calcium to flow from the bones to the blood. A modern exercise program Will strengthen bones and prevent bone loss

Weight-loss is important

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19
Q

Insulin lispro ( Humanalog)

A 
Is rapid acting. 
onset 15 min
Peak 0.5-1.5hrs
Duration 2-5hts
Hypoglycemia is most likely to occur during the peak
20
Q

Diabetes insipidus treatment

A

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by a deficiency of ADH

Treatment includes administration of vasopressin ( another name for ADH) to decrease your output

21
Q

What is the most common endogenous cause of Cushing’s syndrome

A

A benign pituitary adenoma

The most common exogenous cause Cushing syndrome is the administration of glucocorticoids

22
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Is the elevated secretions of cortisol

23
Q

Insulin is absorbed 50% more in the

A

Abdomen and is also absorb more rapidly

24
Q

Hypoparathyroidism is caused by

A

Trauma , removal or autoimmune destruction of the parathyroid gland!

Hypoparathyroidism results in hypocalcemia due to increased urinary excretion and decrease absorption in the bowel. Hyperphosphatemia is also a result

25
Q

A positive chvostek’s sign occurs

A

When the nurse taps the facial nerve at the angle of the jaw, resulting in the facial muscles contracting and twitching. This is caused by low serum calcium

26
Q

The adrenal medulla is responsible for the secretion of catecholamines such as

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

27
Q

The adrenal cortex is responsible for the secretion of

A

glucocorticoids ( cortisol ) & androgens (testosterone ) & mineralcorticoids ( aldosterone )

28
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality is characteristic of SIADH

A

Hyponatremia

In SIADH, fluid overload causes a decrease in sodium level due to dilution

Potassium and calcium concentration generally remains within normal limits

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease

A 
Hypotension 
fatigue 
weakness 
weight-loss 
G.I. disturbances
 hyperpigmentation 
menstrual changes
Hypoglycemia- due to insufficient secretion of cortisol. Cortisol normally increasing insulin resistance gluconeogenesis.
30
Q

Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hirsutism
Edema
Weight gain
Fragile skin

31
Q

Cushing’s disease causes

A

Cushing’s disease causes immunosuppression due to excess cortisol secretion. The patient is at risk for infection after wounds

32
Q

Thyroid storm

A

Is a medical emergency caused by excessive by thyroid stimulation

Clinical manifestation are consistent with hyperthyroidism only more pronounce and like threatening. This includes
Fever(often over 104°F)
Tachycardia 
hypertension 
tremors 
Agitation
Vomiting
Coma
33
Q

The symptoms of hyperthyroidism are result of

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) & throxine (T4)

34
Q

Somatotropin

A

Is another name for growth hormone. This stimulates cell reproduction and growth

35
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Is a stress hormone that increases the production of corticosteroids

36
Q

Regular insulin is short acting with

A

Onset 30 min
Peak 2-4hrs
Duration 8-12hrs

The patient is most likely to become hypoglycemic when the medication peaks

37
Q

Radioactive iodine uptake tests are used to diagnose

A

Thyroid disorders

The amount of radioactive iodine is small it will not harm the patient will others

Oral or IV iodine is given before the test

This test will measure the rate iodine uptake by the thyroid

38
Q

SLE discharge instructions

A

Corticosteroids should never be stopped abruptly

Intense exercise may cause fatigue which can increase the risk of exacerbation

Sun will cause a skin reaction such as butterfly rash

A fever should be reported to the physician because an increased body temperature can signal a flareup

39
Q

Cushing’s disease causes

A

Hypokalemia by increasing we increasing Renal excretion of potassium

It also causes hypokalemia their food high in calcium should be encouraged

Fluid retention is a common side effect of Cushing’s disease, fluid intake should not be increased

40
Q

After a parathyroidectomy The patient is at risk for

A

Hypocalcemia a potentially life-threatening event

The patients head of bed should be elevated to promote chest expansion and prevent edema around the surgical site

If the patient is intubated the chest x-ray should be done immediately after intubation

41
Q

Patients with Cushing’s syndrome are at risk for

A

Peptic ulcer is due to increased gastric acid secretion, immunosuppression, Poor wound healing. The patients should understand the sign of G.I. bleeding

Potassium intake should be encouraged to prevent hypokalemia associated with Cushing’s

Weight bearing exercises should be encouraged to reduce the risk of osteoporosis, a common complication of Cushing syndrome

42
Q

What is a common complication of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Osteoporosis, so weight-bearing exercises should be encourage

43
Q

Signs & symptoms of hyperglycemia

A 
Polyphagia 
polydipsia 
polyurea 
fatigue 
dry mouth 
Pruritus
 blurred vision
44
Q

Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms

A 
Shakiness 
anxiety 
nervousness 
Diaphoresis
Palpitations
Coldness
Headache
45
Q

A goiter a.k.a. a large thyroid can occur with both

A

Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

Depression and constipation are consistent with hypothyroidism

46
Q

A patient scheduled for a transsphenoidal hypophysectomy should test blood glucose every four hours before the surgery because

A

This patient is scheduled for removal of the pituitary gland, due to the hypersecretion of cortisol. Excess cortisol increases insulin resistance and elevate blood glucose

47
Q

What is used for opioid overdose

A

Narcan

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