M: Bacteria causing ocular infections 1 - Week 2 (lec 5) Flashcards
Describe the presence of microbiota in the mucosa? How much microbiota is there? Does it vary? Provide an example.
Mucosa can have anywhere from no microbiota to large amounts, depending on where
e..g large amounts of microbiota found in the mucosa in the mouth
Name 6 factors that can influence the composition of normal microbiota
- climate/geography
- age
- shared living: family, institutions, aged care
- personal hygeine
- diet
- medical tx/interventions/hospitalisation
How does normal microbiota function to minimise colonisation by potential pathogens? (3 ways)
by:
1. preventing adhesion
2. out-competing for nutrients
3. producing toxic/inhibitory substances (antibiosis)
Name the 3 types of microbiota? (note: these are just generic terms obviously, it’s in terms of their danger level I guess)
- harmless organisms
- opportunistic pathogens
- pathogens
What is the most common microbiota that you’ll find on the skin?
Staphyloccocus Epidermidis (85-100%)
Even though some microbiota still live there, why is the skin considered to be inhospitable for microbiota generally?
Because it is dry, acidic and salty
- and protected by lysozyme and antimicrobial compounds from sweat glands
How is the mucus in our nose beneficial?
- it traps foreign particles (and bacteria)
- it contains antimicrobial compunds such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins and defensins
What is used to sweep away the mucus in the nose?
Cilia
What are the 2 most common microbial inhabitants in the nose?
- Staphyloccocus epidermidis (90%)
- Staphylococcus aureus (20-85%)
Describe the effect that blinking has on bacteria
Blinking is a sheer force across the eye that pushes against any bacteria on the eye surface. If the bacteria are not firmly adhered, they will be washed away by the blink
Name 6 ways that the normal microbiota of the eye can vary
varies with:
- mode of delivery at birth (regular vs c-section)
- age (strep. pneu = young, gram -ve = old)
- location
- sleep (action of neutrophils overnight)
- contact lens wear
- antibiotic use
Why is there less microbiota in the eye? List the 3 reasons for this
- mechanical removal (via cilia, blinking)
- IgA in tears stops adhesion
- lactoferrin binds iron needed by bacteria
is the eye a mainly aerobic or anaerobic site?
aerobic
Name 4 areas of the eye (that can be subject to ocular infection)
- eyelids and tissues surrounding the eye
- conjunctiva
- cornea
- intraocular area
Name 3 infections that affect the eyelids and tissue surrounding the eye
- Blepharitis
- Hordeolum (stye)
- Chalazion (meibomian cyst)
What is Blepharitis?
infection of the eyelash follicles along the edges of the eyelid
List 4-9 symptoms of blepharitis
burning, flaking, crusting, tearing, irritation, itching, redness in the eyelid margins, foreign body sensation, scales similar to dandruff at base of eyelashes
Is blepharitis associated with age? Also, is it bilateral, unilateral or both?
Blepharitis is common in all age groups. Can be either bilateral or unilateral
Name 2-3 causes for anterior blepharitis?
- mite infection or seborrhoeic dermatitis (dandruff)
- Staphylococcus aureus or a mixed infection of S.aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis and propionibacterium acnes
What could be the potential outcome if blepharitis goes without treatment?
If severe, possible long term effects incl. ectropion (eyelid edge eversion), entropion (inversion), and trichiasis (abnormally positioned eyelashes)
What could cause posterior blepharitis? (2)
- meibomianitis: excess production of oil by the gland
- meibomian seborrhoea (dandruff like situation)
How can you manage blepharitis?
- good eyelid hygeine (to remove debris)
- antibiotic oitment can also be used
How can dilute sodium bicarbonate be useful in the management of blepharitis?
Used to wash the crusted material at the base of the eyelashes
Is blepharitis always cured with treatment?
The condition might never be cured. But we can keep it under control