m Flashcards
NHS funding pattern
taxes
dept of health and social care
NHS
clinical concession groups
service provider
NHS long term plan
integrated care systems
primary care networks
digital focus
beneficence
Acting in patients best interests (not determined by patients)
Looking from doctor’s perspective
Offsetting greater harm
Considering long term viewpoints.
non maleficence
Minimising harm
Considering current &future harm
Mediating harm already done
Averting harm
Considering harm as relative
Confidentiality
Not a legal right but is ethically sound
Respects autonomy
Builds doctor-patient relationship
when can confidentality be broken
Patient consent
In the patient’s best interests (consent unobtained)
Legally required
In public interest
what is informed consent
(verbal, written, implied )
Voluntary & can be withdrawn at any time
Mental capacity act 2005
Patients must be able to:
Understand the relevant information
Retain this information
Repeat this information
Weigh the risks, benefits $ alternatives
Communicate a reasoned decision
Must not be influenced by others
what is competence based off
a persons capacity to conent or to refuse treatment when oveer the age of 18. assumed to have capacity unless established otherwise.
abortion act 1967
- right to life
- potential for harm
- consideration of best interests
- freedom of choice
- autonomy
Human fertilisation & embryology Act 1990
It was updated in 2008.
Gestation date of legal abortion is 24 weeks (reduced by 4)
Permits abortion if:
Wish of injury to the physical or mental health of the woman or any existing children & the pregnancy has not reached 24 weeks.
Necessary to prevent grave permanent injury to the mother
Critical as continuing gestation world rushes life of the mother
Necessary as any child born would be seriously handicapped
human tissue act 2004
Donation of body pans after death, the wishes of an individual take precedence over family wishes.
Also permiss anonymous living org a donation. Permits their sale
mental health act 1983
a law int he uk that allows healthcare professionals and police to detain pateitns for assessment or treatment of conditions
sections of the mental healtha ct 1983
section 2: detainment for assessment of mentally ill patients
section 3: detainment for treatment of mentally ill patients
section 4: emergency detainment of mentally ill patients
suicide act 1961
most reffered to in the case of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide
states suicide is legal but any assistance is illegal
EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE EXPRESSLY PROHIBTED IN UK LAW UNDER THE SUICIDE ACT 1961
what to consider with the suicide act 1961
contentiou issues which call into q autonomy, non maelficence, beneficinece at the same time
what are the four pillars
Beneficence (doing good)
Non-maleficence (to do no harm)
Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able)
Justice (ensuring fairness) mention NHS here as well
Consequentialism
an ethical ideology that states the morality of an action is dependent purely on its consequences. A simpler way to phrase this would be that the “ends justify the means”. If your action has an overall benefit, then it does not matter about the action itself.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism says the best action is that one that brings about the best increase in utility (benefit). Utility is generally considered on a broad scale, often taking into consideration wider society and not just the patient in question. It’s a form of consequentialism.
Deontology
Deontology is also known as “duty-based ethics”. This ideology states that the correct course of action is dependent on what your duties and obligations are. It means that the morality of an action is based on whether you followed the rules, rather than what the consequence of following them was.
This is in direct contrast with consequentialism.
abortion
legal under the 1967 abortion act under 24 weeks of pregnancy . An abortion may only legally be carried out if two Doctors agree that continuation of the woman’s pregnancy will negatively impact her physical or mental health, or that of her existing children.
wat must consent be
voluntary
informed
competent
how can we test consent and capacity
understand
retain
weigh up options
communicate
kids under 16
cannot consent or refuse treatment.
16-18
can consent cannot refuse (gillick competence)
if a child doesnt have consent, look for
an advanced directive or lasting power of attorney
bolam test
your actions should be in line with another group of reasonable doctors. aka you have done what a reasonable doctor would do.
jehovah’s witnesses
religiously opposed to blood transfusions
