Burkitt's lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types: - endemic - sporadic - immunodeficiency associated BL Which of the above subtypes of Burkitt's lymphoma are all the following associated with? 1 - associated with HIV, can be a manifestation of AIDS 2 - Epstein–Barr virus 25-40%

- immunodeficiency associated BL

Lymphoma - Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Flashcards by David Houghton

Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of cancers that are derived from lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells. What is the incidence of NHL?

1 - 21 / 100,000
2 - 21 / 10,000
3 - 21 / 1000
4 - 21 / 100

1 - 21 / 100,000
- doubled since 1970

Slightly more common in men 1.2:1 ratio

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Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of cancers that are derived from lymphocytes, specifically B and T cells. What age does the incidence of NHL peak?

1 - 10-20
2 - 30-40
3 - 40-50
4 - 60-70

4 - 60-70

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Is Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin lymphoma more common?

Five times more likely than Hodgkin lymphoma
NHL account for >90% of lymphoid cancers

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Is Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) more common in developed or less developed countries?

developed countries

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Although the exact cause of Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is unknown, which of the following infections is NOT associated with causing NHL?

1 - tuberculosis
2 - HIV
3 - human T-lymphotropic virus 1
4 - Epstein–Barr virus
5 - Helicobacter pylori infection
6 - Hepatitis C

1 - tuberculosis

Linked with immunosuppression and viruses

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Although the exact cause of Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is unknown, which of the following immunosuppressive conditions is NOT associated with causing NHL?

1 - rheumatoid arthritis
2 - lupus
3 - type 2 diabetes
4 - Sjögren syndrome
5 - coeliac disease
6 - Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

3 - type 2 diabetes

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Which of the following can Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) arise from?

1 - mature lymphocytes
2 - immature lymphocytes
3 - mature and immature lymphocytes
4 - mature, immature and pre-cursor lymphocytes

4 - mature, immature and pre-cursor lymphocytes

The point of differentiation of for the lymphocyte determines the type of lymphoma that will occur

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Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) can be due to progressive acquisition of DNA alterations caused by mutation, amplifications, deletions or chromosomal translocation. Particular subtypes of lymphoma are associated with specific acquired genetic abnormalities. Translocation of the BCL2 oncogene is found in which of the following types of NHL?

1 - mantel cell lymphome
2 - follicular lymphoma
3 - burkitt lymphoma
4 - diffuse large cell lymphoma

2 - follicular lymphoma

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The WHO have classified Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) based on a histological classification. Which of the following is NOT a classification of NHL according to the WHO?

1 - mature B-cell neoplasms
2 - immature B cell neoplasms
3 - mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms
4 - immature NK neoplasms

1 - mature B-cell neoplasms
3 - mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms

These can also be high or low grade

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Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) account for aprox 90% of all lymphoid cancers. Which of the following is the most common type of NHL?

1 - B cells
2 - T cells
3 - NK cells
4 - all equally likely

1 - B cells
- Diffuse Large B cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is most common

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In both acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the lymphocytes (B, T and NK cells) are involved. Which originates from bone and which originates from lymph nodes?

ALL = bone marrow origin and spread through the blood

non-Hodgkin lymphoma = originate in lymph nodes and spread through lymphatics

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When comparing leakaemia and lymphoma, which is a solid and which is a liquid tumour?

leukaemia = liquid (blood)
lymphoma = solid (lymph nodes)

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B cells are the most common cause of Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Which of the following receptors on the B cell is involved in NHL?

1 - CD10
2 - CD20
3 - CD4
4 - CD8

2 - CD20
- medication can target CD20

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Although T cell and natural killer cell lymphomas are rare, which ethnicity are more at risk of developing these?

1 - Caucasian
2 - Irish and Welsh
3 - Asia and Caribbean
4 - South East Asian

3 - Asia and Caribbean

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Enteropathy associated T cell lymphomas are a rare form of Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but which ethnicity are more susceptible to this?

1 - Caucasian
2 - Irish and Welsh
3 - Asia and Caribbean
4 - South East Asian

2 - Irish and Welsh
- gut associated
- shared HLA types and coeliac risk

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Burkitt’s lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types:

endemic
sporadic
immunodeficiency associated BL

However, they are all caused by which gene?

1 - MYC gene
2 - BCR-ABL gene
3 - BRAF gene
4 - HER2 gene

1 - MYC gene
- c-MYC
- myelocytomatosis oncogene
- Ch 8q24

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Burkitt’s lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types:

endemic
sporadic
immunodeficiency associated BL

Which of the above subtypes of Burkitt’s lymphoma are all the following associated with?

1 - Equatorial Africa, Papua New Guinea, most common malignancy in childhood in these areas
2 - Epstein–Barr virus in all patients
3 - Jaw/other facial bones site for presentation in 50%
4 - Geographical distribution of endemic malaria a factor in pathogenesis (associated with chronic co-infection)

endemic

This type of Burkitts lymphoma is constantly present in a region or country, but has a slow spread

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Burkitt’s lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types:

endemic
sporadic
immunodeficiency associated BL

Which of the above subtypes of Burkitt’s lymphoma are all the following associated with?

1 - seen throughout the world
2 - majority present with abdominal masses (ileo-caecal)
3 - Epstein–Barr virus in 30%
4 - commonly affects children (30-50% of childhood lymphoma) and adults (1-2% of adult lymphomas)

sporadic

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Burkitt’s lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types:

endemic
sporadic
immunodeficiency associated BL

Which of the above subtypes of Burkitt’s lymphoma are all the following associated with?

1 - associated with HIV, can be a manifestation of AIDS
2 - Epstein–Barr virus 25-40%

immunodeficiency associated BL

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Burkitt’s lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types:

endemic
sporadic
immunodeficiency associated BL

Which virus is commonly associated with all 3 subtypes of Burkitt’s lymphoma?

1 - HIV
2 - influenza
3 - EBV
4 - HPV

3 - EBV

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Burkitt’s lymphoma is a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is rapidly growing and aggressive. There are 3 main types:

endemic
sporadic
immunodeficiency associated BL

Which of the following would be a common finding on histology in Burkitts lymphoma?

1 - reed-sternberg cells
2 - hodgin cells
3 - starry sky appearance
4 - all of the above

3 - starry sky appearance
- very aggressive and highly proliferative disease so when packed together they appear like stars

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To distinguish between Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or Hodgkin lymphoma we use a specific cell, what is this cell?

1 - reed sternberg cells
2 - cytomegalovirus
3 - aeur rods on blood smears
4 - raised basophils

1 - reed sternberg cells

Only present in Hodgkin Lymphoma

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Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is an umbrella term, but which of the following is required to reach a definitive diagnosis of the NHL sub category?

1 - MDT
2 - Morphology
3 - Immunophenotyping
4 - Genetic features (increasingly)
5 - Clinical features and stage
6 - all of the above

6 - all of the above

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Typically in Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), where do the tumours grown?

1 - deep lymph nodes
2 - mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
3 - superficial lymph nodes
4 - bone marrow

3 - superficial lymph nodes

This is why they are called nodal lymphomas
75% of patients present with this
Can occur in any of the other types as well

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Typically in Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) tumours grow in the lymph nodes. However, when they grow elsewhere is called extra-nodal disease, which occurs in 50% of patients. All of the following are extra-nodal sites where lymphomas can occur. Which is the most common? 1 - skin 2 - sinuses 3 - GIT 4 - waldeyer ring

3 - GIT 50% of patients will have lymphoma in GIT May cause GIT symptoms and obstruction Most common in stomach and is associated with Helicobacter pylori Common in cervical, axilla, inguinal and femoral lymph nodes

Does Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) typically cause a purpura or petechiae rash?

- purpura Leaking of small blood vessels due to low platelets. Patients at increased risk of bleeding

Which of the following is NOT typically a systemic B symptom of Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)? 1 - fever 2 - weight gain >10% 3 - night sweats 4 - pancytopenia

2 - weight gain Typically >10% weight loss and is a sign of disseminated disease pancytopenia = low RBC, WBC and platelets

There are 2 subcategories of Hodgkin lymphoma: - Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) - Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) Do both of these need to be treated immediately?

- no - NLPHL is treated like a mild non-hodgkin lymphoma - essentially a monitor and see approach

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy can be dangerous and is a medical emergency. Why can mediastinal lymphadenopathy cause a medical emergency? 1 - cardiomegaly 2 - obstruct pulmonary arteries 3 - superior vena cava obstruction 4 - increased afterload

3 - superior vena cava obstruction Collateral veins are prominent on the chest in an attempt to overcome blockage

Superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO) can be a medical emergency in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Which of the following can occur due to SVCO? 1 - collateral veins are prominent to overcome blockage 2 - SOB and cough 3 - oedema (brain, neck, chest) 4 - headaches, confusion 5 - raised JVP 6 - facial plethora 7 - all of the above

7 - all of the above

When trying to diagnose hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which of the following would NOT routinely be performed? 1 - FBC 2 - full lymph node examination 3 - renal/liver/bone profiles 4 - MRI 5 - lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 6 - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (typically raised)

4 - MRI - typically perform a chest X-ray 1st to assess for mediastinal masses - LDH is a tumour marker in hodgkin lymphoma and cell turnover

Which imaging modality is typically 1st in a patient with suspected non-Hodgkin lymphoma? 1 - ultrasound 2 - whole body MRI 3 - chest X-ray 4 - whole body PET scan

3 - chest X-ray Looking for mediastinal masses MRI is neurological symptoms are present, especially of the spine and/or brain

When performing a FBC in a patient with suspected non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which of the following would NOT typically be present? 1 - anaemia (RBCs) 2 - thrombocytopenia (platelets) 3 - neutropenia (neutrophils) 4 - lymphopenia (lympocytes)

4 - lymphopenia (lympocytes) Typically see lymphocytosis (lots of lymphoblasts) Patients may have bleeding

If the U&Es are abnormal in a patient with suspected non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which of the following would be the likely cause? 1 - hepato-renal syndrome 2 - AKI due to renal obstruction 3 - glomerulonephritis 4 - all of the above

2 - AKI due to renal obstruction Typically this is stage 4 NHL as the lymphoma has spread to other organs

Which of the following is NOT a differential for lymphadenopathy, other than Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma? 1 - infection (EBV, HIV, etc.) 2 - COPD 3 - tuberculosis 4 - metastatic 5 - chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

2 - COPD Image shows bilateral lymphadenopathy

What tests is used to make a definitive diagnosis in a patient with suspected Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma? 1 - core nodal biopsy, or whole node 2 - CT scan 3 - tumour markers in blood 4 - blood smear

1 - nodal biopsy - used to confirm the presence or lack of reed-sternberg cells

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma need to be staged using either chest CT with PET or FDG-PET/CT scans. There are 4 stages, stage I - IV based on the Lugano staging. Which of the following matches stage I? 1 - nodes on both sides of the diaphragm or nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement 2 - 1 node or a group of adjacent nodes 3 - additional non-contagious extralymphatic involvement 4 - >2 nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm

2 - 1 node or a group of adjacent nodes A or B is given with the stage - A = no symptoms - B = weight loss, fever and/or drenching night sweats

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma need to be staged using either chest CT with PET or FDG-PET/CT scans. There are 4 stages, stage I - IV based on the Lugano staging. Which of the following matches stage I? 1 - nodes on both sides of theI diaphragm or nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement 2 - 1 node or a group of adjacent nodes 3 - additional non-contagious extralymphatic involvement 4 - >2 nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm

>2 nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm - can also include bulky disease - A = no symptoms - B = weight loss, fever and/or drenching night sweats

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma need to be staged using either chest CT with PET or FDG-PET/CT scans. There are 4 stages, stage I - IV based on the Lugano staging. Which of the following matches stage III? 1 - nodes on both sides of theI diaphragm or nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement 2 - 1 node or a group of adjacent nodes 3 - additional non-contagious extralymphatic involvement 4 - >2 nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm

1 - nodes on both sides of theI diaphragm or nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement - A = no symptoms - B = weight loss, fever and/or drenching night sweats

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma need to be staged using either chest CT with PET or FDG-PET/CT scans. There are 4 stages, stage I - IV based on the Lugano staging. Which of the following matches stage IV? 1 - nodes on both sides of theI diaphragm or nodes above the diaphragm with spleen involvement 2 - 1 node or a group of adjacent nodes 3 - additional non-contagious extralymphatic involvement 4 - >2 nodal groups on the same side of the diaphragm

3 - additional non-contagious extralymphatic involvement - A = no symptoms - B = weight loss, fever and/or drenching night sweats

You are in a GP and you perform a history and examine a patient and suspect non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Which of the following should you do? 1 - standard haematology referral 2 - prescribe corticosteroids and wait and see approach 3 - direct to A&E 4 - fast track referral to haematology

4 - fast track referral to haematology If the patient is a child, this should be <48h

In Non-Hodgkins lymphoma where the symptoms are insidious but are not causing the patient any symptoms, would we aim to cure these patients?

- no - often wait and see approach

In Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, typically if a patient has no symptoms we do not aim to cure and monitor instead. However, if the patient develops symptoms, we aim to address the symptoms. Which of the following are examples of this approach? 1 - if related to infection e.g. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and H.Pylori, antibiotics to eradicate the infection is sufficient 2 - bulky disease (e.g. pressing on important organs) or symptoms then SACT with chemotherapy/targeted therapy/immunotherapy 3 - occasional role for radiotherapy 4 - surgery to relieve symptoms (SVC and GIT obstructions) 5 - all of the above

5 - all of the above

In patients with high grade non-hodgkins lymphoma, do we always aim to cure?

- yes

In patients with high grade non-hodgkins lymphoma, we always aim to cure using Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT). Which of the following is NOT typically part of the SACT therapy? 1 - surgery 2 - chemotherapy 3 - targeted therapy 4 - immunotherapy

1 - surgery All the others enter the systemic circulation.

In patients with high grade non-hodgkins lymphoma, we always aim to cure using Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT). Which includes: - chemotherapy - targeted therapy - immunotherapy Sometimes combined therapy is used which includes radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Which of the following are 2 examples of this? 1 - elderly patients who may not withstand the standard SACT 2 - if SACT is not available at tertiary centre 3 - if patient fails to meet the criteria for SACT 4 - earlier/limited stage disease

1 - elderly patients who may not withstand the standard SACT 4 - earlier/limited stage disease Typically chemotherapy is given as a pre-adjuvant followed by radiotherapy, where radiotherapy is the main treatment We can also do an adjuvant, where the main treatment is given 1st, followed by another treatment

In patients with Burkitts lymphoma, do we always aim to cure?

- yes - aggressive form that can impact upon the CNS

In patients with Burkitts lymphoma, we always aim to cure. Which 2 of the following treatment modalities are often used in Burkitts lymphoma? 1 - immune therapy 2 - chemotherapy 3 - radiotherapy 4 - targeted therapy

1 - immune therapy 2 - chemotherapy - chemotherapy that crosses the BBB and is injected directly into spinal fluid

Which of the following is NOT routinely checked prior to giving treatment for non-Hodgkins lymphomas? 1 - echocardiogram 2 - EEG 3 - creatine clearance (CrCl) 4 - advise on tumour lysis risk and risk in uric acid 5 - may need to take medications to clear uric acid 6 - hydrate

2 - EEG Tumour lysis initially causes: - high uric acid - hyperphosphataemia - hyperkalaemia - hypocalcaemia Tumour lysis can cause acute nephropathy and AKI

Patients receiving treatment for non-hodgkin lymphoma may experience tumour lysis, a process where lots of tumour cells are killed releasing their contents. Which of the following would we NOT expect to see if this occurs? 1 - hypokalemia 2 - hypocalcemia 3 - hyperphosphatemia 4 - hyperuricemia

1 - hypokalemia Causes hyerkalaemia

Patients receiving treatment for non-hodgkin lymphoma may experience tumour lysis, a process where lots of tumour cells are killed releasing their contents. Which of the following are patients at high risk of? 1 - seizures 2 - cardiac arrhythmias 3 - AKI 4 - all of the above

4 - all of the above

Patients receiving treatment for non-hodgkin lymphoma may experience tumour lysis, a process where lots of tumour cells are killed releasing their contents. Which 2 of the following are used to treat tumour lysis syndrome? 1 - calcium gluconate 2 - corticosteroids 3 - allopurinol 4 - naproxen

1 - calcium gluconate 3 - allopurinol

Patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma may go into relapse following treatment. Which of the following would be used following the 1st relapse? 1 - palliative care 2 - enrol onto clinical trials for new treatments 3 - 2nd round of chemo, CAR-T or autologous stem cell transplant

3 - 2nd round of chemo, CAR-T or autologous stem cell transplant CAR-T and autologous stem cell transplant BOTH have specific inclusion criteria

Patients with non-hodgkiun lymphoma may go into relapse following treatment. Which of the following would be used following the 2nd relapse? 1 - palliative care 2 - enrol onto clinical trials for new treatments 3 - 2nd round of chemo, CAR-T or autologous stem cell transplant

2 - enrol onto clinical trials for new treatments - anything beyond a 2nd relapse patients should receive palliative care

Patients with Non-Hodgkins lymphoma will receive chemotherapy in an attempt to cure them. However, this can cause which of the following that is classed as a medical emergency? 1 - cardiogenic shock 2 - neutropneic sepsis 3 - hypovolaemic shock 4 - obstructive shock

2 - neutropneic sepsis Chemotherapy wipes out all haemopoetic stem cells, the body is defenceless against infection and sepsis

Neutropneic sepsis is a medical emergency in patients who may have received chemotherapy, such as Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Are gram + or gram - most dangerous during neutropneic sepsis?

- gram - bacteria - examples such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Neutropneic sepsis is a medical emergency in patients who may have received chemotherapy, such as Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Gram - are the most dangerous during neutropneic sepsis. Which of the following should be implemented immediately in neutropneic sepsis? 1 - blood cultures 2 - fluid resuscitation 3 - broad spectrum antibiotics immediately 4 - inotropes based on ITU input 5 - all of the above

5 - all of the above

What is the 5 year survival rate for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma? 1 - 24% 2 - 40% 3 - 74% 4 - 100%

3 - 74%

Which type of Burkitts lymphoma is most strongly associated with Epstein Barr Virus? 1 - endemic Burkitts lymphoma 2 - sporadic Burkitts lymphoma 3 - immunodeficiency associated Burkitts lymphoma

1 - endemic Burkitts lymphoma All patients with this have EBV However, EBV is associated with all types of Burkitts lymphoma

Which type of lymphoma is associated with a biomodal age distribution? 1 - Hodgkins lymphoma 2 - Natural Killer cell lymphoma 3 - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4 - T cell lymphoma

1 - Hodgkins lymphoma

A starry sky histological appearance is seen in which of the following? 1 - Burkitts lymphoma 2 - Follicular lymphoma 3 - HIV 4 - Hodkins lymphoma 5 - T cell lymphoma

1 - Burkitts lymphoma

Lymphoma staging is best performed using which of the following? 1 - bone marrow biopsy 2 - CT scan 3 - MRI scan 4 - FDG-PET/CT scan 5 - ultrasound

4 - FDG-PET/CT scan

A 50 year old man is diagnosed with follicular lymphoma after a CT scan is done for other reasons. Lymph nodes are noted, but he has no other symptoms. How would you manage this patient? 1 - active surveillance 2 - CAR-T 3 - chemotherapy 4 - immunotherapy 5 - radiotherapy

1 - active surveillance

Which of the following vaccinations are recommended in patients who have Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL)? 1 - Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine 2 - Influenza vaccine 3 - Meningococcal group C 4 - all of the above

4 - all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of chemotherapy? 1 - Hair loss 2 - Change in taste and loss of appetite 3 - Nausea 4 - Weight gain 5 - Pancytopenia 6 - Neutropaenic sepsis 7 - Tumour lysis syndrome

4 - Weight gain