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ORAL HISTOLOGY > Lymphoid Tissues > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

These play a vital and central role in all the
lymphoid tissues and organs.

A

Lymphocytes

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2
Q

This is where premature T and B lymphocytes mature

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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3
Q

3 primary mammalian lymphoid organs

A

Fetal liver, adult bone marrow, thymus

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4
Q

Comprises the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, nose associated lymphoid tissue, Payer’s patches, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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5
Q

It is the collective term for all mucosa associated lymphoid tissues

A

MALT

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6
Q

Identify the following abbreviations: BALT, ILF, GALT, and DALT

A
  • Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue
  • Isolated lymphoid follicles
  • Gut associated lymphoid tissue
  • Duct associated lymphoid tissue
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7
Q

These are the ectopic accumulation of lymphoid cells that arise in nonlymphoid organs.

A

Tertiary lymphoid organs/ tissues

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8
Q

In the __ week of intrauterine life, six sacs are recognized to be formed

A

fifth

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9
Q

in the first trimester, ___ form either by extension of the sacs or may form de novo and extend into various tissues.

A

lymphatic plexuses

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10
Q

T/F: In the third trimester, differentiation into cortex and medulla begins, leading to the compartmentalized structures of the lymph node parenchyma.

A

In the second trimester

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11
Q

The secondary follicles appear at day __ after birth indicating B cell migration into lymph node

A

18

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12
Q

First lymphocytes invading into lymph nodes

A

T lymphocytes

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13
Q

Three major functions of Lymph nodes and lymphatics

A
  1. Tissue drainage
  2. Immunity
  3. Fat absorption
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14
Q

It is an offwhite or light yellow color

A

lymph

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15
Q

A young adult will have around ___ lymph nodes.

A

450

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16
Q

How many lymph nodes are present in the head and neck region?

A

60 to 70

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17
Q

These are yellowish oval or bean-shaped nodules

A

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

The inner side shows an indentation or a
dimpling called the ___.

A

hilum

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19
Q

Diameter of lymph nodes

A

2-20 mm in diameter

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20
Q

Three well-defined areas in lymph nodes from outer to inner

A
  • Cortex/ cortical area
  • Paracortex/ paracortical area
  • Medullary area
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21
Q

It is chiefly composed of collagen and elastin fibers with a few fibroblasts

A

Capsule

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22
Q

It is the extension of the capsule towards the deeper or interior area

A

Trabeculae

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23
Q

The structural and functional unit of lymph
nodes.

A

Lymphoid lobules

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24
Q

The bulbous area of the lobules forms the
nodal ___ and the slender chord areas form the nodal ___.

A

cortex, medulla

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25
Q

The nodal cortex is commonly divided
into:

A
  • Superficial cortex
  • Deep cortex
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26
Q

It is also called as follicle compartment

A

Cortical area

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27
Q

These are round nodular area composed of a homogeneous cell population of small darkly stained, inactive lymphocytes

A

Primary follicles

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28
Q

These arise from the primary follicle due to antigenic stimuli, and has central pale-stained area

A

Secondary follicle

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29
Q

T/F: Secondary follicles have no different zones while Primary follicles have zones

A

False. Primary follicles; no zones, Secondary follicles; two zones

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30
Q

T/F: Secondary follicles have no different zones while Primary follicles have zones

A

False. Primary follicles; no zones, Secondary follicles; two zones

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31
Q

Microscopic features/ cells present in Cortical Area

A

Follicular dendritic cells, Tingible body macrophages, Lymphoid cells, Naive/ mature B cells small lymphocytes, Centroblasts, Centrocytes, Lymphoblasts, Immunoblasts

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32
Q

These are inconspicuous cells with many long and slender dendritic cytoplasmic extensions, and known as antigen trapping cells.

A

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

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33
Q

Cytoplasmic extensions of FDCs are linked with each other by ___

A

Hemidesmosomes

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34
Q

FDCs originate from __ phagocyte system

A

mononuclear

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35
Q

These engulf apoptopic bodies and nuclear debris formed by selection process of lymphocyte

A

Tingible body macrophages (TBMs)

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36
Q

T/F: The nuclear size of the TBM is used as a yard scale for estimating size of lymphocytes

A

True

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37
Q

Round cells with an average cell diameter of 6 mm and a nuclear diameter of 5 mm showing a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

A

Naive B cells, small lymphocytes

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38
Q

Large round cells with a basophilic rim of cytoplasm and a large vesicular nucleus with distinct nucleoli on its periphery

A

Centroblasts

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39
Q

These are produced when mature __

A

B lymphocytes encounter antigenic challenge

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40
Q

Centroblasts give rise to ___.

A

Centrocytes

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41
Q

Referred to as cleaved nuclei, with a chromatin pattern, which is coarser than the centroblast

A

Centrocytes

42
Q

Large cells, with a large vesicular nucleus and a conspicuous single centrally placed nucleus

A

Immunoblasts

43
Q

It is also known as the deep cortex

A

Paracortex (paracortical) area

44
Q

Dominating lymphoid cells in the paracortex

A

T lymphocytes

45
Q

Microscopic features/ cells found in paracortex

A

T lymphocytes, Interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs), high endothelial venules, Follicular reticular cells (FRCs)

46
Q

Present in good numbers in the paracortex and can cause mottling of paracortex

A

Interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs)

47
Q

Distinct vessels found in the paracortex by the presence of plump cuboidal or cylindrical endothelial cells with large oval nuclei, vesicular chromatin and indistinct nucleoli

A

Epithelioid venules / postcapillary venules / high endothelial venules

48
Q

Responsible for the transport of cytokines and/or antigens though the parenchyma of
the lymph node.

A

Follicular reticular cells (FRCs)

49
Q

Active site of plasma cell proliferation, differentiation and production of antibodies in lymph nodes

A

Medullary area

50
Q

Cells with a distinct ‘clock face’ nucleus which is eccentrically located in the cytoplasm

A

Plasma cells

51
Q

Microscopic features/ cells present in Medullary area

A

Small lymphocytes, Lymphoplasmacytoid cells, Plasma cells, Macrophages, Mast cells

52
Q

The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD19, CD20, CD22 and CD79a.

A

B cell lymphocyte

53
Q

The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD21, CD35, C3b and C3d.

A

Dendritic reticular cells

54
Q

Centroblasts stain positive with the staining agent

A

CD10

55
Q

The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD11b, CD35 and CD68

A

Tingible body macrophage

56
Q

The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
CD24, HLA-DR and S-100 protein.

A

Interdigitating dendritic cells

57
Q

The immunohistochemical staining of this cell are as follows:
s CD2, CD3, CD5, CD7, CD43 and
HLA-DR.

A

T cells

58
Q

Plasma cells stain positive with the staining agent __

A

CD138

59
Q

Lymphoid sinus macrophages stains positive with the staining agents:

A

CD68 and S-100 protein

60
Q

Endothelial cells of the HEV and blood vessels stain with:

A

CD31 and CD34

61
Q

Every lobule is connected by a cascading series of lymphatic sinuses. They are divided into:

A

Subcapsular, Trabecular, Transverse and Medullary sinus

62
Q

Made of stellate fibroblastic reticular cells with elongated cell process. They divide the lobule into a number of interstices and locules

A

Reticular network in lobular area

63
Q

The reticular fibers are delicate fibers of ___ with a dimension of __ in diameter

A

type III collagen, 20 nm

64
Q

The afferent lymphatics drain into the __

A

Subscapular sinus

65
Q

The lymph collected from the right head and neck area is drained into the __

A

right subclavian vein

66
Q

The drained lymph from the left side accumulates into the___ and returns to the main blood circulation via the __.

A

thoracic duct, left subclavian vein.

67
Q

One of the most common finding as pathological mass in the submandibular and cervical area in the neck.

A

Lymph node enlargement

68
Q

Possible causes of enlargement of lymph nodes

A

Infectious organism, deposition of malignant cells as metastasis, manifestations of primary tumors (lymphomas)

69
Q

Refers to nontender and nonpainful
enlargement of the lymph nodes.

A

Lymphadenopathy

70
Q

The inflammation and infection of a lymph node generally caused by infection in an area
drained by the particular lymph node

A

Lymphadenitis

71
Q

A watery fluid, offwhite in color

A

lymph

72
Q

T/F: Lymph is derived from extracellular fluid that flows into the lymphatic

A

False. Lymph is derived from Interstitial fluid

73
Q

The mixture of lymph from all areas of the body usually has a protein concentration of __

A

3–5 g/dl.

74
Q

protein concentration in the interstitial fluid of most tissues averages about __.

A

2 g/dl

75
Q

How many ml per hour of lymph flows through thee thoracic duct?

A

100 ml per hour

76
Q

Factors that increase the formation and flow of
lymph are:

A
  1. Increased capillary pressure
  2. Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
  3. Increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
  4. Increased permeability of the capillaries
  5. Compression of lymph vessel.
77
Q

The entrance of the alimentary and respiratory tracts.

A

Oropharynx

78
Q

To protect the oropharynx the tonsils form a lymphatic tissue in a ring called ___

A

Waldeyer’s ring

79
Q

T/F: The tonsils have no afferent lymphatic vessels leading to the tonsils

A

True

80
Q

Lingual and palatine tonsils show __ epithelium.

A

stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

A paired tonsils located bilaterally on the posterior one third of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

82
Q

The lingual tonsils drain into the __

A

deep superior cervical nodes

83
Q

Largest tonsils in the Waldeyer’s ring.

A

Palatine tonsils

84
Q

Situated between the palatoglossus muscle and the palatopharyngeus muscle

A

Palatine tonsils

85
Q

These glands lack the complete flushing action thereby leading to frequent tissue inflammation.

A

Palatine tonsils

86
Q

Also called adenoids are located in the midline in the posterior wall of the superior portion of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils

87
Q

The pharyngeal tonsils drain to the __, while the Palatine tonsils drain into __

A

retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes.

88
Q

___ doesn’t have epithelium covering while __ is covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium

A

Lymph nodes, Tonsils

89
Q

Growth of tonsils is rapid at birth, till the age
of __ years

A

6–7

90
Q

Most important function of tonsils

A

activate lymphocytes during invasion of microorganisms

91
Q

Most common pathology associated with the waldeyer’s ring

A

Tonsillitis

92
Q

Head and neck lymph nodes are classified into two groups, which are:

A

Superficial and deep group

93
Q

Superficial lymph nodes in head and neck are divided into two groups namely:

A

Anterior cervical nodes, and superficial cervical nodes

94
Q

T/F: Superficial nodes are more in number than deep nodes

A

False. Deep nodes are more in number

95
Q

Deep nodes are arranged into two which are:

A

vertical chain and circular chain

96
Q

The deep cervical nodes commonly referred to are the:

A

jugulodigastric node and the jugulo-omohyoid node

97
Q

The circular chain of lymph nodes consist of the __

A

submental node, submandibular node, buccal or facial node, parotid nodes, the postauricular node and the occipital nodes

98
Q

Lymphatics from the head and neck chain drain into the __, which then drain into __ and ends in the ___

A

deep cervical nodes, jugular trunk, thoracic duct

99
Q

The lymph vessels from the buccal gingiva of maxillary and mandibular area drain into the __

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

100
Q

Lymph from all the teeth are drained into the
__ except those of mandibular incisors as these drain to the

A

submandibular nodes, Submental nodes

ORAL HISTOLOGY (3 decks)

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