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Immunology and infection > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency babies

A

Inability to clear infections

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2
Q

What does the adaptive immune system do

A

Improves the efficacy of the innate immune response

Focuses a response on the site of infection and the organism responsible

Has memory

Needs time to develop

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3
Q

Why type of response is T cells

A

Cell mediated response

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4
Q

What type of response is B cell

A

Humoral Response

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5
Q

What do the T cells do

A

Cytokines help shape immune response (CD4)

Kill infected cells (CD8)

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6
Q

What do the B cells do

A

Produce antibodies

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7
Q

Antigens

A

Moelcules that induce an adaptive immune response

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8
Q

What is the epitope

A

Region of an antigen which the receptor binds to

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9
Q

What type of antigen do T cells recognise

A

Linear epitopes in the context of MHC

Primary structure

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10
Q

What type of antigen does B cell recognise

A

Structural epitopes (3D structure)

Folding

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11
Q

What is clonal expansion

A

Interaction between a foreign molecule and that receptor leads to activation and clonal expansion

Differentiated effector cells will bear the same receptor

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12
Q

What is the antigen receptor diversity problem

A

Massive repertoire of lymphocytes receptors

Massive genes neeeded

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13
Q

How is antigen receptor diveristy generated through recombination

A

Functional genes for antigen receptors do not exist until generated during lymphocyte development

Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement

V and J area combined randomly and may sometimes overlap

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14
Q

Diagram of the T cell receptor

A

Recognises antigen fragments presented by other cells in the context of MHC

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15
Q

What is the major histocompatibility complex

A

Plays a central role in defining self and not self

Presents antigens to T cells

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16
Q

What is the MHC class 1

A

All nucleated cells

Single variable alpha chain plus a common beta microglobulin

17
Q

What is the MHC class 2 complex

A

Only on professional antigen presenting cells

2 chains alpha and beta

18
Q

Is the MHC polygenic

A

3 Class 1 loci and 3 class 2 loci

Expression is codominant

19
Q

Why is matching people to surgery so important in MHC

A

Because each person can have up to 6 of each gene if completely heterozygous

20
Q

How is the MHC1 complex loaded with antigen

A

Comes from intracellular pathogen

21
Q

How is the MHC2 complex loaded with antigen

A

Extracellular antigen

22
Q

How is the response to different pathogens orchastrated by the CD4 T helper cells

A

T helper cells produce cytokines

Cytokines have diverse actions on a wide range of cells

Th1 (pro-inflammatory, boost cellular immune reponse - fight off viruses)

Th2 (Pro-Allergic, boost muticellular repsonse)

23
Q

What are Tfh

A

Pro-antibody

Works with B cells

IL-21

24
Q

How do CD8 cells kill the targets

A

Programmed cell death - apoptosis

Fragmentation of nuclear DNA

CTL stores perforin, granzymes, granulysin in cytotoxic granules released after target recognition

Perforin - pore forming protein

Granzyme injected into cell through pores

25
Q

How is the MHC1 complex loaded with antigen

A

Intracellular

26
Q

What are the three many functions of antibodies

A

Neutralisation - prevent bacterial adjerence

Opsonization - promotes phagocytosis

Complement activation

27
Q

What are the IgG antibodies role

A

Highest opsonization and neutralization activities

Classified by IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

28
Q

What are the IgM antibodies

A

Produced first upon antigen invasion

Increases transiently

29
Q

What are the IgA antibodies

A

Expressed in mucosal tissues

Forms dimers after secretion

30
Q

What are the IgE antibodies

A

Involved in allergy

31
Q

Where do B cells come from

A

Derived from stem cells in bone marrow

Mature B cells are specific for a particular antigen

32
Q

What is the BCR

A

Unique binding site which binds to portion of antigen called epitope

Made before cell ever encounters antigen

They can bind to soluble antigen

33
Q

How do naive B cells be activated

A

From microbial constituents

From T helper cell

34
Q

What is the role of thymus independent antigens

A

Directly activate B cells without the help of T cells

Often polysaccharide - repetitive structure

Second signal required is provided by microbial PAMP e.g. LPS

35
Q

What type of antibody is only thrymus independently stimulated

A

IgM

No memory

36
Q

What type of antibody is thymus dependent

A

Ig-classes

Memory

37
Q

B cell activation by T cells

A

Membrane bound BCR recognises antigen

DC engulf antigen - not specific

Receptor-bound antigen is internalised and degraded into peptides

Peptides associate with self molecules (MHC class 2) and is expressed at cell surface

Tfh activated by MHC2 cell on DC

T cell finds B cell and produces cytokines which activate B cell

Becomes B plasma cell

Immunology and infection (14 decks)

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