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Immunology and infection > Histopathology > Flashcards

Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between histopathologist and cytopathologist

A
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2
Q

Biopsies information

A

Small tissue removed

Placed in foralin solution - preserves tissue by cross linking proteins

Embedded in paraffin wax

H and E stains used

Ziehl Neelsen stain will stain acid-fast bacteria red - TB

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3
Q

What are resection specemins

A

Tissue that has been removed as part of a surgical procedure

Stage of disease

Donated to biobanks

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4
Q

What are frozen specimens

A

Surgery

Examined in real time

Frozen by cryostat

Cancerous? All been removed? Pathological process?

Free from formalin and preservatives

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5
Q

Timescales of histopathology lab

A

Frozen section - 30min

Biopsies - 2-3 days

Resection specimen - 5-7 days

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6
Q

What is fine needle aspirates

A

Get into lesion and aspirate the cells

Analysed as a smear

Can penetrate inaccessibel tissues

Only look and cell sand not architecture

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7
Q

Skin biopsy for a patient with Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Rare and indicative of immunodeficiency

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8
Q

CD31 immunohistochemical staining

A

CD31 marker determines endothelial cell tumour

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9
Q

What antibodies can be detected to find out the disease

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Sjogren syndrome

Rheumatoid arthritis

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10
Q

Antibody conjugates

A

enzymes: peroxidsae, alkalin phosphatase

Fluorescent probes -

Magnetic beads: purification of cell types

Drugs: Kadcyla anti-HER2 antibody linked to cytotoxic chemical emtansine

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11
Q

How do we use antibodies as a dianostic tools

A

Direct detection - on the antibody that detects antigen

Indirect detection - antigen recognises Fc of another antibody

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12
Q

Use of manufactured antibodies

A

Immunoassays - detection of hormones, circulating antibodies

Blood group serology

Immundiagnosis - infectious disease, antibody levels

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13
Q

What is ELISA

A

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

  • Clinical adheres to plastic plate
  • Probe with specific antibodys
  • Enzyem conjugation coloured product
  • Reference to standard curve determine precise concentrations of molecules
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14
Q

What is flow cytometry

A

Detection of specific cells - notably lymphocytes

Run as a stream of single cells through laser beams

Colour of light emitted and forward and side scatter will determien identiy

based on Size, Granularity of the cells

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15
Q

What are molecules detected in flow cytometry

A

anti CD3+ - T cells - pan T cell marker

anti CD4+ - T helper/cells

anti CD8+ - T cells, cytotoxic T cells

anti - CD19+ - B cells

anti CD56+ - NK cells

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Immunology and infection (14 decks)

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