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Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocyte size

A
  • small: 1-1.5 erythrocytes
  • medium: 1.5-2 erythrocytes
  • large: more than 2 erythrocytes
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2
Q

Lympocyte recirculation - blood

A

Most are T lymphocytes

- CLP and MLP

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3
Q

Lymphocyte recirculation - lymph nodes

A

Enter cortices via specialized postcapillary venules

  • exit via efferent lymphatic vessels
  • 25% enter lymph nodes each day
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4
Q

Lymphocyte recirculation - tissue

A

Blastogenesis, recirculate, or die

- migration from vessels to tissue similar to neutrophils

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5
Q

Lymphocyte recirculation - blood concentration

A

Production (stem cell or blastogenesis)

  • CLP and MLP
  • life span: hours to years
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6
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Chronic inflammatory

  • chronic antigenic or cytokine stimulus
  • reactive lymphocytes may be present
  • enlarged lymph nodes or lymphoid organs (reactive lymphoid hyperplasia)
  • mild to moderate: 2-3 URL
  • neutrophilia, monocytosis
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7
Q

Physiologic lymphocytosis

A
  • catecholamines
  • MLP to CLP
  • 2 x URL
  • minutes to hours
  • no morphologic change
  • may cause large granular lymphocytes to increase
  • would not see reactive lymphocytes!!
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8
Q

Lymphoproliferative disease

A
  • neoplastic proliferation
  • lymph nodes, BM
  • BLV (neoplastic or not) and FeLV
  • leukemia may be leukemic manifestation of lymphoma
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9
Q

Leukemia

A

Marked lymphocytosis, with cells displaying immature features

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10
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Due to lymphocytosis

  • lack of glucocorticoids (limit lymphocyte production and alter distribution)
  • dogs: neutropenia with lymphocytosis and azotemia
  • may see high normal to mild eosinophilia
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11
Q

Young animal lymphocytosis

A

Puppies, kittens, calves, foals

- cattle: increases until 1 year old and then gradually decreases up to 2 x URL

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12
Q

Lymphopenia due to acute inflammatory

A

Change in lymphocyte kinetics decreasing CLP

- may be caused by stress, but not documented

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13
Q

Lymphopenia due to steroid

A

Change in lymphocyte kinetics, decreasing CLP

  • endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids
  • immediate: shift from CLP to other pools (may be entrapped in lymph nodes or BM)
  • later: lymphotoxic effects leading to lymphoid hypoplasia
  • most common cause of lymphopenia
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14
Q

Lymphopenia due to depletion

A

Loss of lymphocytes due to incomplete circulation

- repeated chylothoracic fluid removal in cats

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15
Q

Lymphopenia due to lymphoid hypoplasia or aplasia

A

Congenital or acquired

  • decrease lymphocyte production
  • selective T lymphocyte hypoplasia/aplasia will cause more severe lymphopenia than selective B lymphocyte hypoplasia/aplasia
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16
Q

Lymphopenia due to lymphoma

A

Decrease production or altered kinetics

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17
Q

Monocytes

A

Stem cell (CFU-GM)

  • CMP and MMP
  • emigration
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18
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

A
  • macrophages: Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, type A synoviocytes
  • microglial cells
  • dendritic cells: Langerhans cells (skin), interdigitating cells (lymph nodes)
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19
Q

Inflammatory monocytosis

A

Acute and chronic inflammation

- cytokine stimulation: production and release

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20
Q

Monocytosis due to steroid

A

Common in dogs and cats, minimal horses and cattle

- shift from MMP to CMP

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21
Q

Neoplastic monocytosis

A
  • monocytic leukemia
  • marked monocytosis
  • normal or abnormal monocytes
  • uncommon when compared to granulocytic and lymphoid leukemias
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22
Q

Monocytosis secondary to immune-mediated neutropenia

A

Monocytes and neutrophils share common progenitor

  • may increase monocytopoiesis when stimulating neutropoiesis
  • antibodies destroying neutrophils, not monocytes
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23
Q

Monocytosis due to cyclic hematopoiesis

A

Mild during neutropenic cycles

- herald increase neutrophil concentration

24
Q

_____ treatment may increase production of neutrophils and monocytes

25
Is monocytopenia a diagnostic problem?
No, hard to document due to already low LRL for monocyte concentration
26
Eosinophils
Differentiation: IL-5, GM-CSF - CEP and MEP (minutes to hrs in blood) - tissue: bactericidal properties, inactivate mast cell mediators, attack parasite larvae and adult stages
27
Eosinophilia
Due to anti-inflammatory function | - attraction after mast cell or basophil degranulation
28
Causes of eosinophilia
- hypersensitivity - internal/external parasites - inflammation in mast cell rich tissues - occasionally in hypoadrenocorticism (lack of cortisol)
29
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Cats, dogs, horses - persistent marked eosinophilia without apparent cause - no features suggestive of leukemia - hypereosinophilic = 20,000
30
Paraneoplastic eosinophilia
Mast cell neoplasms - other neoplasms that can release IL-5 - dogs: T cells, thymoma, mammary carcinomas, oral fibrosarcoma, rectal adenomatous polyps - cat: transitional cell carcinoma, T cells, alimentary lymphoma - horses: intestinal lymphomas
31
Basophilia
Only persistent above (200-300 should be considered due to imprecision of differential counts - allergic, parasitic, neoplastic stress
32
Basopenia
Hard to document due to already low LRL for basophiil concentration - not clinically relevant
33
Toxic neutrophils
- foamy cytoplasm: cytoplasmic clearing due to dispersed organelles - diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia: retention of RNA during maturation - Dohle's bodies: aggregates of rough ER - giant neutrophils: larger neutrophils due to asynchronous maturation
34
Toxic neutrophils represent maturation defects caused by _______
Rapid neutropoiesis | - due to inflammation
35
Hypersegmented neutrophils
- more than 5 lobes - typically old neutrophils (glucocorticoids) - myelodysplastic syndromes involving neutrophilic cell line - found in poodle marrow dyscrasia
36
Reactive lymphocytes
Acute and chronic inflammation | - difficult to differentiate from atypical (neoplastic) lymphocytes
37
Monocytes with features of macrophages
- abundant gray cytoplasm - with/out vacuolation - seen in systemic infections (histo, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, leishmaniasis)
38
Sideroleukocytes
Neutrophil or monocyte containing hemosiderin | - rare, but seen with hemolytic anemia, or after transfusions
39
Erythorphage
Neutrophil or macrophages with phagocytized erythrocyte - occasionally seen in IMHA - idiopathic immune mediated anemia in dogs - equine infectious anemia - neonatal isoerythrolysis
40
Lupus erythematosus cells
Neutrophil that phagocytized nuclear antigen-antibody complexes - pink to pale basophilic inclusion of variable sizes
41
Bacteria in leukocytes other than from the family Anaplasmacetae
Rare in patients with bacteremia | - bacteria in blood: true bacteremia, or contamination of the sample
42
Bacteria from the family Anaplasmacetae
Invade and multiply in blood leukocytes - monocytic tend to be more species specific - leukocytic ones are less specific
43
Canine distemper inclusions
- monomorphic or pleomorphic - red to purple - neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes
44
H. americanum
Gametocytes infect neutrophils and monocytes
45
H. canis
Gametocytes infect neutrohpils and monocytes - Europe, Asia, Africa, SA - lack clinical signs
46
Histoplasma capsulatum
Single or multiple in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, monocytes, or eosinophils - yeast phase - 2-4 - eccentric basophilic region with nuclear material
47
Leishmania
Kinetoplastid protozoan found primarily in the Mediterranean, central, and SA countries - Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Maryland, Southeastern states - amastigotes found in macrophages
48
Mycobacterium
Rarely systemic, can be seen in neutrophils or monocytes - wont stain with Wright - cytoplasm has cracks in it
49
Toxoplasma gondii
Tachyzoites rarely found in blood neutrophils and monocytes | - more common in macrophages of infected organs
50
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
- irish red and white setters, Holstein cattle - canine LAD, bovine LAD - defects in the integrin CD18 - no functional CD11/CD18 - necessary for adherence, migration, aggregation
51
LAD in dogs
Persistent leukocytosis and granulocytic hyperplasia in BM - susceptible to infections - PCR diagnosis
52
LAD in cattle
Marked neutrophilia and recurrent infection | - PCR diagnosis
53
Pelger-Huet anomaly
Hyposegmentation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - nuclear chromatin: hyperchromatic or normochromatic - dogs, domestic shorthair cats and arabian horses - is NOT a band because chromatin is condensed!
54
Pseudo Pelger-Huet neutrophils and eosinophils
- neutrophils: cow, dogs with severe inflammation, and cats with FeLV myeloid leukemia - transient due to asynchronous maturation - eosinophils: cattle and horse (w/ neutrophils)
55
Nonstaining eosinophil granules (grey) of dogs
Poor staining eosinophil granules or just the vacuoles, and grey cytoplasm - greyhounds, golden retrievers, sheepdog - modified chemical composition - no pathological significance - maybe misclassified by counters

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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