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Clinical Pathology > Blood Cell Evaluation > Flashcards

Blood Cell Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in a complete blood count?

A
  • leukogram (leukocytes)
  • erythrogram (erythrocytes)
  • thrombogram (platelets)
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2
Q

What are causes of increased cell concentration?

A
  • increased production
  • shift from SP or other non-circulating pool to CP
  • increased blood life span
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3
Q

Cypotenia

A

Decreased cell concentration due to:

  • decreased production
  • CP to non-circulating pool
  • decreased life span
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4
Q

CBC blood sample collection

A
  • KEDTA
  • no clots or platelet clumps
  • keep at RT, or 24 hrs in refrigerator
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5
Q

Monolayer

A

Erythrocytes may touch each other (if not anemic) and leukocytes nuclear and cytoplasmic features are visible

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6
Q

Romanowsky stain

A

Stains acidic structures basophilic (DNA/RNA) and alkaline structures eosinophilic (hemoglobin, eosinophil granules)

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7
Q

What 3 stains make up a Romanowsky stain?

A
  • diff quick
  • wright
  • giemsa
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8
Q

Neutrophilic

A

Granules that do not stain

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9
Q

Eosinophilic

A

Granules that are alkaline (stain red)

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10
Q

Azurophilc

A

Similar to basophils, stain pinkish/blue

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11
Q

Impedance

A

Determine cell count and cell size as cells disrupt the current

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12
Q

Relative changes may not ________

A

Reflect true changes

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13
Q

Granulocytes

A

Defense and die

- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Blastogenesis, return to blood, or die

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

Histiocytes or macrophages, defense and die

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16
Q

Mast cells

A

Defense and die

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17
Q

Blastogenesis

A

Transformation of small lymphocytes of peripheral blood into cells capable to undergoing mitosis

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18
Q

How many segments does a neutrophil normally have?

A

2-4

- 5 or more is hypersegmented

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19
Q

Left shift vs right shift

A
  • left: more immature cells in circulation

- right: more hypersegmented cells in circulation

20
Q

What do neutrophils produce

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-3
  • IL-6
  • GM-CSF
  • G-CSF
21
Q

What do neutrophils release?

A
  • chemo attractants

- cytokines

22
Q

Blood

A
  • half life of 5-10 hrs
  • circulating neutrophil pool
  • marginated neutrophil pool
  • CNP:MNP: 1:1 most mammals, 3:1 in cat
23
Q

Blood neutrophil concentration

A
  • production
  • release
  • CNP:MNP
  • migration to tissue
24
Q

Neutrophils in the tissue

A
  • C5a, IL8, LTB, PAF

- die in respiratory and alimentary tissues

25
Q

Left shift

A

Increase of non-segmented neutrophils in the blood

  • decrease of SNP leading to release of MatP
  • acute inflammation via infectious or non-infectious agents
  • steroids and endotoxin
26
Q

Left shift classification

A
  • mild: bands
  • moderate: bands and metamyelocytes
  • marked: bands, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes
27
Q

Increase in nonsegmented neutrophils =

A

Left shift

28
Q

Left shift scenarios

A
  • {NSN}>{SN}: degenerative
  • {SN}reference interval and {SN}>{NSN}: regenerative
  • {SN}WRI: not classified
29
Q

Left shift clinical relevance

A
  • regenerative: adequate response to the inflammatory process, better prognosis
  • degenerative: inadequate response, worst prognosis
30
Q

Right shift

A

Increased numbers of hypersegmented neutrophils (5 or more segmentations)
- glucocorticoid hormones: endogenous and exogenous

31
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Acute inflammatory response

  • inflammatory mediators
  • increase CNP (bands)
  • release of SNP in hours
  • release of MatNP occurs after depletion of SNP
  • increased production from stem cells (5 days)
32
Q

Acute refers to ______

A

Type of inflammation, NOT time!

  • demand of neutrophils by the tissue
  • mediators are necessary to increase release of neutrophils
33
Q

Where are neutrophils not present?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • superficial cutaneous
  • lower urinary tract
34
Q

Where are neutrophils present?

A
  • respiratory tract
  • pancreas
  • peritoneal of pleural cavities
  • occasionally: uterus, liver, intestines
35
Q

Leukemoid response

A

Looks like leukemia, is proven not to be

  • focal suppurative: pyometra, pleuritis, pyothorax, peritonitis, prostatitis, penumonia, abscesses
  • other: canine rectal or pulmonary neoplasms, babesiosis, hepatozoonosis
36
Q

Bovine have small _____, so need to increase production

A

SNP

37
Q

Neutrophilia - chronic inflammatory

A
  • inflammation after at least a week
  • replenishment of SNP: release of segs, not bands
  • less severe neutrophilia
  • with persistent intense stimulus, acute inflammatory response persists
  • chronic: duration of disease (granulocytic hyperplasia)
38
Q

Neutrophilia due to steroid stress

A
  • endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids
  • shift from MNP to CNP
  • canine, equine, bovine it doubles, greater in felines
  • decreased emigration to tissues, increased circulating life span
  • increased release from BM (mostly mature, some bands)
  • most frequently seen in dogs
  • left shift (less than 1,000), right shift, or no shift
39
Q

Physiologic neutrophilia

A
  • catecholamines
  • shift from MNP to CNP
  • doubles for dogs, horses and cattle, triplicate or quadruplicate for feline
  • frequent in healthy animals
  • back to normal in 60 min
  • may increase in lymphocytes numbers
40
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia

A
  • clonal proliferation
  • mature (segmented) neutrophils
  • difficult to differentiate from extreme neutrophilia
  • acute myeloid leukemia –> granulocyte precursors (immature cells)
41
Q

Paraneoplastic neutrophilia

A

Neoplastic cells produce G-CSF or similar

- adematous polyp, renal tubular carcinoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma (dogs)

42
Q

Other forms of neutrophilia

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency: dogs and cattle
G-CSF administration
Estrogen toxicosis: 2-3 weeks after administration

43
Q

Inflammatory neutropenia

A

Overwhelming infection

  • migration exceeds release
  • mediators lead to increased production (takes 2 days)
  • SNP released first, followed by MatNP (if migration is too severe, left shift may not be present)
  • common in cattle (small SNP)
44
Q

Endotoxemia

A

Margination of neutrophils

  • duration: 1-3 hrs
  • stimulate release from BM in 8-12 hrs
  • stimulate production in 3-5 days
45
Q

Peripheral destruction (immune mediated)

A

Antibody binds to neutrophils

  • destruction by mononuclear phagocyte system
  • may be responsive to glucocorticoid treatment
  • BM: may see granulocytic hyperplasia
46
Q

Hemophagocytic syndrome

A

Phagocyte hyperplasia

  • may see other cytopenias
  • in people is secondary to infectious and neoplastic

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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