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Blood Cell Evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in a complete blood count?

A
  • leukogram (leukocytes)
  • erythrogram (erythrocytes)
  • thrombogram (platelets)
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2
Q

What are causes of increased cell concentration?

A
  • increased production
  • shift from SP or other non-circulating pool to CP
  • increased blood life span
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3
Q

Cypotenia

A

Decreased cell concentration due to:

  • decreased production
  • CP to non-circulating pool
  • decreased life span
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4
Q

CBC blood sample collection

A
  • KEDTA
  • no clots or platelet clumps
  • keep at RT, or 24 hrs in refrigerator
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5
Q

Monolayer

A

Erythrocytes may touch each other (if not anemic) and leukocytes nuclear and cytoplasmic features are visible

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6
Q

Romanowsky stain

A

Stains acidic structures basophilic (DNA/RNA) and alkaline structures eosinophilic (hemoglobin, eosinophil granules)

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7
Q

What 3 stains make up a Romanowsky stain?

A
  • diff quick
  • wright
  • giemsa
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8
Q

Neutrophilic

A

Granules that do not stain

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9
Q

Eosinophilic

A

Granules that are alkaline (stain red)

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10
Q

Azurophilc

A

Similar to basophils, stain pinkish/blue

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11
Q

Impedance

A

Determine cell count and cell size as cells disrupt the current

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12
Q

Relative changes may not ________

A

Reflect true changes

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13
Q

Granulocytes

A

Defense and die

- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Blastogenesis, return to blood, or die

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15
Q

Monocytes

A

Histiocytes or macrophages, defense and die

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16
Q

Mast cells

A

Defense and die

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17
Q

Blastogenesis

A

Transformation of small lymphocytes of peripheral blood into cells capable to undergoing mitosis

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18
Q

How many segments does a neutrophil normally have?

A

2-4

- 5 or more is hypersegmented

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19
Q

Left shift vs right shift

A
  • left: more immature cells in circulation

- right: more hypersegmented cells in circulation

20
Q

What do neutrophils produce

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-3
  • IL-6
  • GM-CSF
  • G-CSF
21
Q

What do neutrophils release?

A
  • chemo attractants

- cytokines

22
Q

Blood

A
  • half life of 5-10 hrs
  • circulating neutrophil pool
  • marginated neutrophil pool
  • CNP:MNP: 1:1 most mammals, 3:1 in cat
23
Q

Blood neutrophil concentration

A
  • production
  • release
  • CNP:MNP
  • migration to tissue
24
Q

Neutrophils in the tissue

A
  • C5a, IL8, LTB, PAF

- die in respiratory and alimentary tissues

25
Left shift
Increase of non-segmented neutrophils in the blood - decrease of SNP leading to release of MatP - acute inflammation via infectious or non-infectious agents - steroids and endotoxin
26
Left shift classification
- mild: bands - moderate: bands and metamyelocytes - marked: bands, metamyelocytes, and myelocytes
27
Increase in nonsegmented neutrophils =
Left shift
28
Left shift scenarios
- {NSN}>{SN}: degenerative - {SN}reference interval and {SN}>{NSN}: regenerative - {SN}WRI: not classified
29
Left shift clinical relevance
- regenerative: adequate response to the inflammatory process, better prognosis - degenerative: inadequate response, worst prognosis
30
Right shift
Increased numbers of hypersegmented neutrophils (5 or more segmentations) - glucocorticoid hormones: endogenous and exogenous
31
Neutrophilia
Acute inflammatory response - inflammatory mediators - increase CNP (bands) - release of SNP in hours - release of MatNP occurs after depletion of SNP - increased production from stem cells (5 days)
32
Acute refers to ______
Type of inflammation, NOT time! - demand of neutrophils by the tissue - mediators are necessary to increase release of neutrophils
33
Where are neutrophils not present?
- brain - spinal cord - superficial cutaneous - lower urinary tract
34
Where are neutrophils present?
- respiratory tract - pancreas - peritoneal of pleural cavities - occasionally: uterus, liver, intestines
35
Leukemoid response
Looks like leukemia, is proven not to be - focal suppurative: pyometra, pleuritis, pyothorax, peritonitis, prostatitis, penumonia, abscesses - other: canine rectal or pulmonary neoplasms, babesiosis, hepatozoonosis
36
Bovine have small _____, so need to increase production
SNP
37
Neutrophilia - chronic inflammatory
- inflammation after at least a week - replenishment of SNP: release of segs, not bands - less severe neutrophilia - with persistent intense stimulus, acute inflammatory response persists - chronic: duration of disease (granulocytic hyperplasia)
38
Neutrophilia due to steroid stress
- endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids - shift from MNP to CNP - canine, equine, bovine it doubles, greater in felines - decreased emigration to tissues, increased circulating life span - increased release from BM (mostly mature, some bands) - most frequently seen in dogs - left shift (less than 1,000), right shift, or no shift
39
Physiologic neutrophilia
- catecholamines - shift from MNP to CNP - doubles for dogs, horses and cattle, triplicate or quadruplicate for feline - frequent in healthy animals - back to normal in 60 min - may increase in lymphocytes numbers
40
Chronic myeloid leukemia
- clonal proliferation - mature (segmented) neutrophils - difficult to differentiate from extreme neutrophilia - acute myeloid leukemia --> granulocyte precursors (immature cells)
41
Paraneoplastic neutrophilia
Neoplastic cells produce G-CSF or similar | - adematous polyp, renal tubular carcinoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma (dogs)
42
Other forms of neutrophilia
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency: dogs and cattle G-CSF administration Estrogen toxicosis: 2-3 weeks after administration
43
Inflammatory neutropenia
Overwhelming infection - migration exceeds release - mediators lead to increased production (takes 2 days) - SNP released first, followed by MatNP (if migration is too severe, left shift may not be present) - common in cattle (small SNP)
44
Endotoxemia
Margination of neutrophils - duration: 1-3 hrs - stimulate release from BM in 8-12 hrs - stimulate production in 3-5 days
45
Peripheral destruction (immune mediated)
Antibody binds to neutrophils - destruction by mononuclear phagocyte system - may be responsive to glucocorticoid treatment - BM: may see granulocytic hyperplasia
46
Hemophagocytic syndrome
Phagocyte hyperplasia - may see other cytopenias - in people is secondary to infectious and neoplastic

Clinical Pathology (9 decks)

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