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First Aid Immunology > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Components of innate immunity

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. monocytes
  4. dendritic cells
  5. natural killer (NK) cells (lymphoid origin)
  6. complement
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2
Q

Components of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. circulating antibodies
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3
Q

Innate immunity genetic mechanism

A

Germline encoded

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity genetic mechanism

A

Variation through V(D)J recombination during lymphocyte development

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5
Q

Innate immunity resistance

A

Does not change within a lifetime

Persists through generations

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6
Q

Adaptive Immunity resistance

A

Microbial resistance is not heritable

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7
Q

Innate immunity response to pathogens

A 
Nonspecific
Occurs rapidly (minutes to hours)
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8
Q

Adaptive immunity response to pathogens

A

Highly specific, refined over time
Develops over long periods; memory response is faster and more robust

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9
Q

Innate immunity physical barriers

A
  • Epithelial tight junctions
  • mucus
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10
Q

Adaptive immunity phyiscal barriers

A

N/A

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11
Q

Innate immunity secreted proteins

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Complement
  3. C-reactive protein (CRP)
  4. Defensins
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12
Q

Adaptive immunity secreted proteins

A

Immunoglobulins

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13
Q

Innate immunity pathogen recognition

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs): pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Examples of PAMPs include

  • LPS (gram-negative bacteria)
  • flagellin (bacteria)
  • ssRNA (viruses)
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14
Q

Adaptive immunity pathogen recognition

A

Memory cells: activated B and T cells;

subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen → stronger, quicker immune response

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15
Q

MHC (I and II)

A

MHC encoded by HLA genes.

  • Present antigen fragments to T cells
  • and bind T-cell receptors (TCRs).
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16
Q

MHC I loci

A
  1. HLA-A
  2. HLA-B
  3. HLA-C
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17
Q

MHC II loci

A
  1. HLA-DR
  2. HLA-DP
  3. HLA-DQ
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18
Q

MHC I binding

A

TCR and CD8

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19
Q

MHC II binding

A

TCR and CD4

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20
Q

MHC I expression

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells

Not expressed on RBCs

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21
Q

MHC II expression

A

Expressed on APCs

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22
Q

MHC I function

A

Present endogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., viral or cytosolic proteins) to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

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23
Q

MHC II function

A

Present exogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., bacterial proteins) to **CD4+ helper T cells **

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24
Q

MHC I antigen loading

A

Proteasome breaks down protein (could be viral) in the cytoplasm. It enters the RER via TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing), Tapasin links MHC I to TAP so it can pick up protein pieces and continue folding. The complex can then move to the cell surface.

Associated with beta 2 microglobulin protein.

Note that the alpha subunit of MHC I has three subunits.

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25
Q

MHC II antigen loading

A

The exogenous antigen is taken up and loaded into an endosome. MHC II αβ and Ii (invariant chain) move from the ER (targeted by Ii) to the golgi and then move to combine with the endosome. As the endesome becomes more acidic, proteasomes break down the protein. As the MHC II endosome becomes more acidic and combined with the endosome, Ii is degraded to CLIP. Acidic conditions and HLA-DM MHCII → binds protein.

Note that MHC I only has an α chain but MHC II has an α and β chain.

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26
Q

MHC I associated proteins

A

β2-microglobulin

27
Q

MHC II associated proteins

A

Invariant chain (Ii chain) & CLIP

28
Q

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C are the loci for

A

MHC I

29
Q

HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ are the loci for

A

MHC II

30
Q

TCR and CD8 bind

A

MHC I

31
Q

TCR and CD4 bind

A

MHC II

32
Q

Expressed on all nucleated cells

Not expressed on RBCs

A

MHC I

33
Q

Expressed on APCs

A

MHC II

34
Q

Present endogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., viral or cytosolic proteins) to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

A

MHC I

35
Q

Present exogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., bacterial proteins) to CD4+ helper T cells

A

MHC II

36
Q

What is β2-microglobulin associated with?

A

MHC I

37
Q

What is the invariant chain (Ii chain) protein associated with?

A

MHC II

38
Q

Has an alpha and beta chain

A

MHC II

39
Q

Has an alpha chain with three subunits

A

MHC I

40
Q

HLA subtype A3 is associated with

A

Hemochromatosis (MHCI?)

41
Q

Hemochromatosis is associated with this HLA subtype

A

A3

42
Q

HLA subtype B27 is associated with this disease

A
  1. Psoriatic arthritis
  2. Ankylosing spondylitis
  3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease
  4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)

PAIR. Also known as seronegative arthropathies.

(MHCI?)

43
Q
  1. Psoriatic arthritis
  2. Ankylosing spondylitis
  3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease
  4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)

Are associated with which HLA subtype?

A

B27

44
Q

HLA subtype DQ2/DQ8 is associated with this disease

A

Celiac disease.

45
Q

HLA subtype DR2 is associated with this disease

A
  1. Multiple sclerosis
  2. hay fever
  3. SLE
  4. Goodpasture syndrome.
46
Q

HLA subtype DR3 is associated with this disease

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus type 1
  2. SLE
  3. Graves disease
  4. Hashimoto thyroiditis
47
Q

HLA subtype DR4 is associated with this disease

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • diabetes mellitus type 1

[There are 4 walls in a “rheum” (room)]

48
Q

HLA subtype DR5 is associated with this disease

A
  • Pernicious anemia → vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis
49
Q

Celiac disease is associated with which HLA subtype?

A

DQ2/DQ8

50
Q
  1. Multiple sclerosis
  2. hay fever
  3. SLE
  4. Goodpasture syndrome

are associated with which HLA subtype?

A

DR2

51
Q
  1. Diabetes mellitus type 1
  2. SLE
  3. Graves disease
  4. Hashimoto thyroiditis

Are associated with which HLA subtype?

A

DR3

52
Q
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • diabetes mellitus type 1

Are associated with which HLA subtype?

A

DR4

53
Q
  • Pernicious anemia → vitamin B12 deficiency,
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Are associated with which HLA subtype?

A

DR5

54
Q

Hay fever

A

Gross pollens causing allergic rhinitis

55
Q

Goodpasture

A

Anti-GBM disease (kidney and lung)

56
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells → lost IF → B12 deficiency

57
Q

How are natural killer cells unique components of innate immunity?

A

They don’t need an MHC I complex (mostly viral)

58
Q

How does the adaptive immunity mechanism work?

A

Heavy chain- DNA: first DJ then V. RNA removes space between that and the constant region.

Light chain- DNA: VJ only. RNA removes extra in between the constant

Kappa light chain

Lambda heavy chain

59
Q

What are the seronegative arthropathies?

A

(involves joints)

  1. Psoriatic arthritis
  2. Ankylosing spondylitis
  3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease
  4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
60
Q

Natural killer cells

A
  • Lymphocyte member of innate immune system
  • Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells
  • Induced to kill when exposed to a
    • nonspecific activation signal on a target cell
    • and/or to an absence of class I MHC on target cell surface__​
  • Also kills via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CD16 binds Fc region of bound Ig, activating the NK cell).
61
Q

Natural killer cells activity enhanced by

A
  • IL-2
  • IL-12
  • IFN-α
  • IFN-β
62
Q

B-Cell functions

A
  1. Recognize antigen—undergo somatic hypermutation (→ as it replicates) to optimize antigen specificity (→ also isotype / class switching, see later…)ץ
  2. Produce antibody—differentiate into plasma cells to secrete specific immunoglobulins.
    Maintain immunologic memory—memory B cells persist and accelerate future response to antigen.
63
Q

T-Cell functions

A
  • CD4+ T cells help B cells make antibodies and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes.
  • CD8+ T cells directly kill virus-infected cells.
  • Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity (type IV).
  • Acute and chronic cellular organ rejection.

CD4 TH1 → CD8

First Aid Immunology (3 decks)

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