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ANA 209 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph

A

Tissue fluid formed at the post-capillary venule, percolates through cells taking up wastes, and is collected by the lymphatic system

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2
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

Fluid recovery
Lipid absorption
Immunity

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3
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

Begin closed-ended in tissue spaces between cells
Unique one-way structure permits interstitial flow into but not out of the vessels
- Lymph vessels have valves like veins to prevent backflow

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4
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Blind-ended lymphatic capillaries found in the center of the villi of the small intestine

  • specialized for the absorption of chylomicrons (lipids) that are eventually dumped into venous system with the rest of the lymph
  • openings allows for the diffusion of fluid and lipids into the lacteal
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5
Q

What are the function of lymph nodes?

A

Help to recover fluid

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6
Q

Flow of lymph back to the heart: 1-6

A
  1. Interstitial spaces - lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Lymph trunks
  5. Collecting ducts
  6. Subclavian vein
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7
Q

What is a thoracic duct?

A

Main duct that begins as cisterna chyli dilation in abdomen

- also receives lymph from left head, neck, and chest

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8
Q

What is the right lymphatic duct?

A

Receives lymph from the right head, neck, and chest

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9
Q

The thoracic and right lymphatic ducts drain into the junction of the …

A

internal jugular vein and subclavian veins

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10
Q

Elephantiasis - Lymphatic Filariasis

A

Mosquito-born round worm called filariae

  • swelling upstream of the blockage
  • skin becomes thickened and cracked
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11
Q

Immunity

A

The defense capability of the body against pathogens

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12
Q

Pseudopods

A

Extensions that grab foreign materials and pull them in

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13
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule that provokes and immune response

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14
Q

Non-specific immunity

A

Mechanical barriers
phagocytosis
inflammation/fever

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15
Q

Specific immunity

A

Built over time
Humoral (antibody mediated)
Cell-mediated (t-cells)

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16
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Immunological surveillance

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17
Q

T lymphocytes (T-cells) - 3 types

A

3 types:
Cytotoxic - directly attach and kill other cells
Helper - activate defense mechanisms
Memory - provide long lasting memory of an antigen

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18
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Differentiate into plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
- Some become memory B cells (long-lasting immunity)
Antigen presenting cell

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19
Q

What would be the effect of a virus that selectively destroyed memory T and B cells?

A

Prevents from keeping memory of that virus

20
Q

Macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes
- phagocyte cells - get rid of tissue and debris
- display foreign fragments to cytotoxic and helper T cells
Antigen presenting cells

21
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Branched macrophages

22
Q

Reticular cels

A

Found in the thymus
Contribute to stroma of lymphatic organs
Antigen presenting cells

23
Q

Primary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Site of stem cell division and development of immunocompetent B and T lymphocytes
- Includes red bone marrow and the thymus

24
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Site of most immune responses

- Includes lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic follicles

25
Q

Lymphatic nodule

A

Structural and functional unit of lymphatic tissue

  • not enclosed in a CT capsule
  • 1st line of immunological defense
26
Q

Function of lymphatic nodule

A

Identify sites where B-lymphocytes in loose areolar CT have encountered antigens
- germinal center is surrounded by corona, where activated B-cells enlarge and divide into plasma cells

27
Q

Location of lymphatic nodules

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Appendix

28
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

Posterior aspect of tongue

29
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Between anterior and posterior pillars

30
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils (Adenoids)

A

Posterior wall of nasopharynx

31
Q

Waldeyer’s Ring

A

Aggregations of lymphatic tissue in the oro- and nasopharynx that form a ring around the opening of the digestive and respiratory tracts

32
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

In flat bones and epididymis of long bones in adults

  • stem cells produce both B and T lymphocytes
  • Where B cells mature
33
Q

Thymus function

A

Where immature T cells migrate and multiply to mature

  • Thymosin is produced here by the reticuloendothelial cells
  • Found in the anterior mediastinum next to the heart
34
Q

Thymus structure

A

Made of 2 lobes, each has a different cortex and medulla

  • Has efferent ductules but no afferent ductules
  • Replaced by fat after puberty
35
Q

Lymph node 2 main regions and their functions

A

Cortex - Outer area composed of lymphoid nodules (B-cells)

Medulla - Inner area composed of lymphoid sinusoids

36
Q

How do lymph nodes work?

A

They filter foreign substances

  • Reticular fibers trap and lymph flows through
  • Macrophages destroy through phagocytosis
  • Lymphocytes destroy through immune responses
37
Q

How does lymph travel through the lymph node?

A

Lymph enters in through the afferent vessels into the subcapsular sinuses

  • its then contacted by B-cells in the cortex and T-cells in the T-cell dependent zone (between the cortex and medulla)
  • Then it exits through the efferent vessels
38
Q

Histology of the lymph node

A

Reticular connective tissue

39
Q

Why are superficial lymph nodes important?

A

They are scattered throughout the body and are easily palpable

  • swelling of these can indicate infection
  • Important ones: cervical, axillary, inguinal
40
Q

Significance of the umbilicus and lymph nodes

A

The umbilicus is a watershed area for the lymph collected by the superficial nodes

41
Q

Spleen Characteristics

A

Largest mass of lymphatic tissues

Contains Red and white pulp

42
Q

Lymphatic follicles

A

Concentrations of lymphatic tissue without capsule

  • mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue scattered throughout
  • also has large aggregations (appendix and tonsils)
43
Q

Spleen location

A

Located in the abdomen, posterior-lateral to stomach

44
Q

White pulp in the spleen

A

Made of white blood cells

  • produces antibodies
  • lymphatic tissue
  • B-cells differentiate into plasma cells
45
Q

Red Pulp in the spleen

A

Made of red blood cells

  • destroys old RBC and platelets
  • contains macrophages

ANA 209 (6 decks)

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