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Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Lymphatic System > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • takes up fluid and moves it back to blood.

- large molecules and immunity.

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2
Q

Components of Lymphatic System

A
  1. Lymph fluid
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. lymph nodes
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3
Q

lymph fluid

A

the interstitial fluid in lymphatic vessels.

-has a consistency similar to plasma.

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4
Q

lymphoid tissues and organs are separate from_______

A

lymphatic sys.

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5
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

are networks of drainage vessels that collect excess protein- containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

  • are under really low pressure
  • some fluid from capillaries go through interstitial to get to lymph vessels ( big things that couldn’t go through vessels)
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6
Q

lymphatic vessels have a ________

A

one way (one direction) flow toward the HEART.

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7
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • are widespread but absent from bones, nervous sys and teeth
  • have no capillary beds; they weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
  • formed by squamous epithelium loosely overlapping endothelial cells
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8
Q

lymphatic capillaries are anchored by _______

A

collagen filaments so that any increase in interstitial fluid volume opens the minivalves rather than cause the lymph capillaries to collapse

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9
Q

lymphatic capillaries are very permeable due to_____

A

2 unique features:

  1. minivalves
  2. collagen filaments
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10
Q

fluid accumulates in capillaries to produce pressure

A

drives the lymph towards the the lymphatic system.

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11
Q

Mini-Valve Sys: Lymph. Capill.

A

regulates how much fluid gets in.
when fluid pressure is > press of lymph cap. the minivalves open to allow lymph in.
when pressure is > in lymph cap, the valves close

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12
Q

proteins can easily enter______

A

lymphatic capillaries

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13
Q

Lacteals

A

a specialized lymphatic capillary in the small intestine

  • functions in amino acid digestion; transports absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream
  • increase absorption in small intestine
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14
Q

In the small intestine lymph is _____ and called____

A

milky-white; chyle

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15
Q

lymph flow

A
  1. lymph capillary ~ 2. collecting lymphat. vessels~3.lymphatic trunks~4. lymphatic ducts
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16
Q

Lymphatic Vasculature

A

lymph cap merge into lymph collecting vessels that empty into lymphatic trunks then to lymphatic ducts

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17
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels have______

A

the three tunics;

  • thinner walls than veins
  • have more valves than veins because it is under low pressure
  • anastomose more than veins
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18
Q

the FIVE major lymphatic trunks

A
  • drain large body areas
    1. bronchomediastinal-(2)
    2. subclavian (2)
    3. jugular (2)
    4. lumbar (2)
    5. intestinal-1
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19
Q

the lumbar trunk drains_____

A

the lower limbs

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20
Q

the intestinal trunk drains______

A

digestive organs

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21
Q

ALL of the trunks empty into the _______

A

lymphatic ducts in the thoracic region and which gets dumped back into the circulatory sys

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22
Q

the TWO ducts

A

Right and thoracic

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23
Q

the right duct drains________

A

the right side of the head, the right upper arm (upper limbs) and right side of thorax

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24
Q

the thoracic duct drains_______

A

the rest of the body and the lumbar & intestinal trunks

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25
Q

In some people the thoracic trunk starts as a sac called the_____

A

cisterna chyli

26
Q

factors assisting in lymphatic flow

A

has “no pump”

  1. valves- one directional and prevent back flow
  2. muscular pump- contraction of skeletal muscle
  3. respiratory pump- used by veins; breathing causes pressure changes in thorax
  4. arterial pumping-arteries pulsations pushing through helps lymph push through
  5. smooth muscle contractions- helps push in vessels. ( found in tunics of lymphatic ducts and trunks except the smallest vessels.
27
Q

antigens

A

anything that provokes an immune response (like bacteria and their toxins; viruses, mismatched RBCs or cancer cells

28
Q

lymphoid cells

A

consists of immune sys. cells

  • Lymphocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • reticular cells
29
Q

lymphocytes

A

the main warriors of the immune sys.

has B and T cells.

30
Q

B Cells (lymphocytes)

A
  • have specific types for specific antigens
  • attack free floating things which make it become activated.
  • produce plasma cells that produce antibodies that are released and bind to pathogens (antigens) to mark it for destruction, don’t KILL.
  • produce memory cells in case of being infected again
31
Q

immunocompetent

A
  • “mature”
  • have to develop the ability to attack specific pathogens
  • have to be activated in order to be able to attack which entails binding to pathogens to be activated
  • cells have a receptor specific to something
32
Q

T Cells

A
  • activated T cells manage immune response
  • activation usually kills what it activates on contact/site; attack damaged body cells
  • activation cause memory cell production
  • some directly attack and destroy infected cells
33
Q

dendritic cells

A

phagocytic;

  • engage in phagocytosis of foreign substances;
  • capture antigens and bring them back to lymph nodes
34
Q

reticular cells

A

create a matrix to hold other cells in place;
-a mesh (reticular fiber) called stroma- network of reticular cells that supports other cells in lymphatic tissue and organs

35
Q

reticular cells

A

create a matrix to hold other cells in place;

  • a mesh (reticular fiber) called stroma-
  • stroma- network of reticular cells that supports other cells in lymphatic tissue and organs
36
Q

receptors on cell surface either come from ____ or____ and are____

A

thymus; RBM; genetic

37
Q

lymphoid tissue

A
  • temporarily houses lymphocytes
  • proliferation (multiply) site for lymphocytes
  • dominates in all the lymphoid organs except the thymus
  • composed of reticular connect. tiss.
  • allows for detection of infection or damage
38
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A
  • thymus
  • RBM
  • where B & T cells mature
39
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigens and are activated

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
  • peyer’s patch
  • appendix
40
Q

MALT

A

tonsils, peyer’s patch, appendix

41
Q

lymph nodes

A

major organ

  • found along lymphatic vessel area
  • majority in neck, arm and groin
  • only organ that cleans the lymph
42
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphat. organ

  • RBC graveyard (recycling)
  • macrophages and lymphocytes
  • filters blood
43
Q

thymus

A

function early in life

  • degenerates as we age
  • is a derivative of the primitive pharynx lining then drops near heart.
44
Q

tonsils

A

located at back of oral cavity and naval cavity and ear

45
Q

peyer’s patches

A

distal part of small intestine

-inflammation causes appendicitis

46
Q

Lymph node function

A
  • surrounded by a capsule w/ trabeculae extensions
  • multiple entries; one exit.
  • lymph builds up
  • lymph enters via afferent lymphatic vessels; lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels at hilus
  • filters lymph through sinuses ( which are large lymphatic capillaries)
  • fewer efferent vessels than afferent vessels, so the lymph slows allowing time for lymphocytes and macrophages to do work.
47
Q

Spleen Action

A

“blood filter”
-blood delivered via splenic artery
-lymph filtered by lymphocytes ( immune functions) in WHITE pulp
then
-filtered by macrophages in red pulp ( worn-out RBCs and blood borne pathogens)
-cleansed fluid returns to splenic veins
* extracts aged and defective RBCs, platelets, and macrophages remove debris and foreign substances

48
Q

thymus action

A
  • no stroma in reticular cells
  • action most prominent in newborns
  • secretes thymosin and thymopoietin
  • causes t-lymphocytes to become immunocompetent
  • doesn’t directly fight antigens
  • has no B cells
49
Q

tonsils

A

gather and remove many of the pathogens entering pharynx in food or inhaled air.
-4 types: palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, tubal

50
Q

palatine tonsils

A
  • the most often infected tonsils
  • back of oral cavity.
  • paired
  • the LARGEST tonsil
51
Q

lingual tonsils

A
  • sides/base of tongue

- paired

52
Q

pharyngeal tonsils

A
  • large
  • known as the ADENOIDS
  • located in posterior wall of nasopharynx
53
Q

tubal tonsils-

A
  • surrounds auditory canal tube into pharynx

- paired

54
Q

tonsil histology

A
  • have follicles with germinal centers surrounded by lymphoctyes
  • crypts- pathways; trap bacteria and particulate matter; fluid trapped here; dead ends
55
Q

tonsil action

A
  • crypts– pathways; trap bacteria and particulate matter; fluid trapped here; dead ends
  • bacteria pass through epithelium into the lymphoid tissue then
  • the lymphoid tissue destroys the pathogens
  • memory cells are formed
56
Q

peyer’s patches

A

isolated clusters of lymphoid follicles

  • destroy bacteria
  • generate memory lymphocytes
57
Q

lymphatic development

A
  • developing veins bud off lymph sacs (“blood sacs”) at 5th week then
  • jugular lymph sacs form first ( vena cava and iliac veins form)
  • then these form a branching system of lymphatic vessels then
  • connection of jugular lymph sac w/ jugular veins become right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
  • lymphoid organs develop from mesodermal mesenchyme that become reticular tissue EXCEPT the thymus.
58
Q

the thymus develops______

A

FIRST

59
Q

the thymus develops from______

A

endothermal derivative

60
Q

Embryo thymus

A
  • has no lymphocytes-mom does the work

- after birth the lymphoid organs populate w/ lymphocytes

Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Lymphatic System (3 decks)

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