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Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Lymphatic System > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System

A

functional system, not an organ sys.

-prevent disease causing agents from infecting us by getting into the body.

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2
Q

Two Components of the Immune Sys.

A
  • Innate

- Adaptive

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3
Q

Innate immunity is_________

A

nonspecific

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity is________

A

specific

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5
Q

Pathogen

A

disease-causing microorganisms

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6
Q

Antigen

A

-the body doesn’t distinguish a diseased antigen from a non diseased one.

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7
Q

Nonspecific immunity

A
  • always prepared

- attacks anything and everything foreign

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8
Q

Innate Immune Sys

A
  • intact skin and mucosae
  • phagocytes
  • NK cells
  • inflammation
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
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9
Q

when skin barriers are breached it leads to________

A

inflammation

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10
Q

Specific immunity

A
  • specific and adaptive
  • uses B & T lymphocytes
  • goes after specific pathogens
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11
Q

The first line of defense consists of______

A

the surface barriers:

- INTACT skin and MUCOSAE

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12
Q

when the first line of defense is penetrated, the second line of defense comes into play; the second line of defense consists of__________

A

internal defenses:

-phagocytes; NK cells; inflammation; antimicrobial proteins; fever

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13
Q

the hallmark of the second line of defense is ______

A

inflammation

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14
Q

the third line of defense is the _______

A

adaptive immune sys.

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15
Q

broken skin equals a______

A

point of entry

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16
Q

mucous membranes line and_____

A

“trap”

-functions with acidity to produce an harsh acidic environment

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17
Q

TWO types of macrophages:

A
  • Free

- Fixed

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18
Q

Free macrophages______

A

wander in tissue spaces in search of cellular debris or “foreign invaders”

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19
Q

Fixed macrophages_______

A

ex: such as stellate macrophages in the liver are permanent residents of particular organs

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20
Q

superficial nonspecific immunity have______

A

enzymes that breaks things apart; more specific lysozymes that destroy bacteria

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21
Q

internal nonspecific defenses consists of ________

A
  • phagocytes
  • mast cells
  • NK cells
  • inflammation
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
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22
Q

phagocytes work through phagocytosis and are_____

A

-macrophages; neutrophils; eosinophils

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23
Q

macrophages

A

the most voracious; “big eaters”

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24
Q

neutrophils

A

become phagocytic encountering infectious material in tissues

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25
Q

mast cells

A

bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria; semi-phagocytic manner; release histamine

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26
Q

histamine is a_____

A

potent inflammatory chemical

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27
Q

NK cells

A

type of t-lympho that is not specific; interact and kill; go after our own cells that are damaged, infected, or invaded with a virus

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28
Q

inflammation has 4 cardinal signs, they are_____

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
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29
Q

inflammation surrounds the area infected and keeps it_______this alerts the_______ and sets the stage for_____

A

localized;
adaptive immune sys.;
repair

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30
Q

antimicrobial proteins ______

A

attack microorganisms by either killing them or eliminating their ability to reproduce

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31
Q

types of antimicrobial proteins_____

A

interferons and complement

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32
Q

interferons

A

chemical released by infected cells, the chemicals diffuse to neighboring cells to protect them from the intruder;
-not specific

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33
Q

complements sys. protein

A

a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in blood inactive and then when activated it stimulates inflammation

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34
Q

the complement sys . enhances both the______

A

innate and adaptive defenses

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35
Q

fever

A

a systemic response to antigens

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36
Q

Phagocytic Mechanism

A
  • a phagocyte recognizes a pathogen’s carbohydrate surface markers ; enhanced in opsonization
  • cytoplasmic extensions adhere to pathogen
  • pathogen pulled inside the cell in a vacuole called a phagosome
  • lysosome binds w/phagosome to form phagolysosome
  • lysosomal enzymes digest pathogen and can be aided by respiratory burst if need be for resistant bacteria such as TB and certain other bacteria
  • residual body formed and then expelled
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37
Q

NK mechanism

A
  • detect infected or cancerous cells through abnormalities such as a lack of “self” markers called MHC proteins or the presence of certain sugars
  • release perforins that punch holes in the cell
  • channels appear in target cells and nucleus disintegrates
  • attack directly by inducing apoptosis
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38
Q

nk cells are not______or_____

A

phagocytic or specific

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39
Q

nk cells are not______or_____

A

phagocytic or specific

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40
Q

inflammatory mechanism

A

nonspecific response to any tissue injury

  • toll-like receptors on macrophages recognize pathogens
  • toll-like receptors release cytokines (Cell chemicals) which attract antibodies (positive chemotaxis)
  • other cells release other inflammatory mediator chemicals
  • vessels in injured area dilate and increase permeability
  • hyperemia occurs
  • exudate accumulates at site to cause edema (swelling)
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41
Q

dilation causes_______

A

hyperemia

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42
Q

increased permeability causes____

A

exudate

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43
Q

hyperemia

A

increases blood flow and brings more cells and chemicals;

-accounts for redness and heat

44
Q

exudate

A

a fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies

45
Q

results of inflammation

A
  • injured cells release leukocytosis-inducing factors that cause neutrophils to be released in higher than normal amounts from the red bone marrow.
  • loss of fluids from dilated vessels (leaky) slows blood flow locally so neutrophils aggregate.
  • inflammation causes production of selectins (adhesion molecules) on endothelial cells; holds neutrophils in place (wall of dilate BV) called Margination
  • neutrophils undergo diapedesis to go to site of infection
  • inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents
  • monocytes follow neutrophils to site and become macrophages after leaving the capillaries to replace neutrophils on the battlefield
46
Q

interferon mechanism

A
  • cells infected by virus release interferons
  • IFN’s diffuse to nearby cells
  • PKR protein synthesis is stimulated which interferes w/viral replication
  • IFR’s also activate macrophages and nk cells
47
Q

complement system mechanism I aka the______

A

classic pathway

48
Q

complement system mechanism II________

A

lectin pathway

49
Q

complement system mechanism I

A
  • antibodies bind to pathogens
  • complement proteins bind to antibody-pathogen complexes
  • lysis, phagocytosis and inflammation result
50
Q

complement system mechanism II

A
  • complement proteins bind directly to polysaccharide molecules on pathogens
  • lysis, phagocytosis, and inflammation result
51
Q

Fever mechanism

A
  • leukocytes and macrophages exposed to pathogens secrete chemicals called pyrogens
  • the pyrogens cause the hypothalamus to raise body temp
  • bacteria require iron and zinc (sequestered from the liver and spleen) to replicate
  • bacteria are adapted to our body temp so by raising temp some can’t survive
52
Q

antigen

A

any substance that provokes/activates immune sys.; foreign substance- intruders aka non-self

53
Q

adaptive defenses

A

built-in specific defensive sys

  • stalks and eliminates
  • must meet or “primed” for pathogen in initial encounter
54
Q

antigenic properties

A
  1. immunogenic
  2. Reactivity
  3. antigenic determinants
55
Q

immunogenic

A

the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate (multiply)

56
Q

reactivity

A

the ability to react w/ the activated lymphocyte and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions

57
Q

antigen determinants

A

markers on foreign things

58
Q

immunocompetent

A

each lymphocyte must be able to recognize its one specific antigen

59
Q

complete antigens

A

immunogenic and reactive

60
Q

incomplete antigen

A

hapten (small molecule)

61
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex

A

MHC ( self-antigens)

  • everyone has them, but they are unique to every individual
  • doesn’t activate immune system unless foreign
62
Q

characteristics of specific immunity

A
  • involves b & t lymphocytes
    1. pathogen specific-only go after one specific pathogen
    2. not immediately active-delayed
    3. systemic
    4. provides memory cells
63
Q

two pathways for specific immunity (adaptive immunity)

A
  1. humoral

2. cell-mediated

64
Q

humoral pathway

A
  • b-lymphocytes
  • free floating pathogens
  • antibodies
  • b-lymphocyte activated ; temp inactivated
  • mark for destruction
65
Q

cell-mediated

A
  • t-lymphocytes
  • go after cellular targets; abnormal MHC
  • either act directly to kill it or indirectly by releasing chemicals
66
Q

lymphocyte production

A
  • produced by stem cells in RBM
  • virtually identical until they become immunocompetent
  • t- cells become immunocompetent in thymus
  • b-cells become immunocompetent in RBM
  • naive immunocompetent cells are exposed to antigen in secondary lymphoid organs to mature
  • not fully functional until bound w/ antigen
67
Q

the adaptive immune sys. has 3 cell types and they are__________

A
  1. b-lymphocytes
  2. t-lymphocytes
  3. APC’s
68
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A
  • b-lymph, dendritic cells and macrophages act as APC’s
  • engulfs pathogen and presents its fragments as antigens on its surface for T-cells to recognize
  • naive t-cells can only be activated by antigens that are presented to them on MHC proteins by APC’s
69
Q

specific immunity

A

-need an antigen challenge

70
Q

antigen challenge

A
  • first encounter between naive immunocompetent lymphocyte and antigen
  • usually happens in one of the secondary lymphoid organs (tonsils, spleen, etc.)
71
Q

primary humoral response

A
  • antigens bind w/ surface receptors on naive immunocompetent b lymphocyte ( b-lympho and antigen)
  • clonal selection occurs ( copy of lymphocyte);
  • most clones become plasma cells (antibodies)
  • or some become memory cells
72
Q

secondary humoral response

A

same mechanism as primary so the immune response is faster, lasts longer and is more effective

73
Q

sources of humoral immunity

A
  • active
  • passive
  • natural active
  • natural passive
74
Q

active immunity

A

production of antibodies

75
Q

passive immunity

A

get antibodies from somewhere else

76
Q

natural active immunity

A

body starts the production of antibodies; infection; contact w/pathogen;

77
Q

natural passive immunity

A

mom passing antibodies to baby via placenta or breastmilk

78
Q

active artificial immunity

A

vaccinations; injected with weakened or dead pathogen; don’t get sick but it causes an immune response

79
Q

passive artificial immunity

A

injection of exogenous antibodies (gamma globulin)

80
Q

antibody structure

A

4 chains:

  • heavy Chains (2)
  • light chains (2)
  • either t or v shaped
  • variable region (V)
  • constant region (C)
  • antigen-binding site
81
Q

2 heavy chains

A

identical to each other

82
Q

2 light chains

A

identical to each other; half as long as heavy chains

83
Q

variable region

A
  • has heavy and light chains

- has the binding receptor on it at the end of the antibody

84
Q

antigen-binding site

A

what antigenic determinant binds to

85
Q

constant region

A
  • only has heavy chains
  • determines how pathogens are destroyed
  • several classes of antibodies
  • at the other end of the antibody
  • determines antibody class
  • determines which chemicals and cells antibodies can bind to
86
Q

classes of antibodies

A
  1. IgD
  2. IgG
  3. IgE
  4. IgA
  5. IgM
87
Q

IgD

A

receptor on B-lympho surface directing it to bind (receptor)

88
Q

IgG

A
  • most common type circulating in the bloodstream’
  • main antibody for late primary response and beginning of secondary response
  • activates/fix complement
  • can cross the placenta so baby is born with antibodies (immunity)
89
Q

IgE

A
  • bind mast cells or basophils causing them to spill histamine, promoting inflammation and allergic reactions
  • healthy people have only traces of this
  • people w/allergies produce a lot of this so histamine causes the symptoms; production of too much histamine can be fatal
90
Q

IgA

A
  • found in mucous and other body secretions
  • 4 monomers
  • stops pathogens from binding to lining
91
Q

IgM

A
  • can bind to 10?
  • 5 monomer
  • fixes/activates complement
  • first antibody produced primary immune response
  • if we know the type of antibodies present, it can determine when infection occurred
  • numerous antigen-binding sites
92
Q

antibody functions

A
  • defense mechanism
  • Formation of antigen-antibody complex
  • provide site for binding of complement proteins
  • block sites on pathogens ( neutralization)
  • cause clumping of antigen-containing cells (agglutination- IgM most potent agglutinate)
  • cause clumping of soluble antigen molecules (precipitation)
  • complement activation- chief defense; trigger lysis
93
Q

some antibodies are commercially made/produced to use for research and cancer research, they are called_________

A

monoclonal antibodies

94
Q

cell-mediated immune response

A
  • t cells bind w/ antigen infected body cell
  • co-stimulatory signals are present
  • t cell is activated
  • clones are produced
  • some clones become memory cells
  • no antibodies
95
Q

Types of T-Cells

A
  • cytotoxic
  • helper T
  • suppressor
96
Q

CD4 and CD8 cells are not_____

A

activated

97
Q

regulatory, cytotoxic and helper cells are_____

A

activated

98
Q

Cytotoxic aka CD8

A
  • glycoprotein

- destroy cells in body that harbor anything foreign

99
Q

Helper T aka CD4

A
  • glycoprotein
  • effector cells
  • help activate b cells, other t cells, macrophages
  • direct adaptive immune response
  • some become regulating t cells which moderate immune response
100
Q

T cell activators

A
  • Class I MHC protein linked antigens

- Class II MHC protein linked

101
Q

Class I MHC

A

produced by body inside cell

  • cancer cells/virus changing cells
  • on the surface of all body cells except RBC
  • cd8
102
Q

Class II MHC

A
  • something outside of cell
  • macrophage
  • cd4
103
Q

antigen binding

A

t cell antigen receptors bind to antigen-mhc complex on surface of apc

104
Q

co-stimulators

A
  • t cell binding to other receptors on apc, cytokines and interleukins
  • each promotes a different response that could either facilitate or disable activation
105
Q

cytotoxic cells

A
  • release chemicals like perforins and granzymes to destroy infected cell
  • have immune surveillance

Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Lymphatic System (3 decks)

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