Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
without lymphatic system what wont work?
A
cardiovascular and immune system
2
Q
Function of lymphatic vessels
A
transport back to the blood fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system
3
Q
lymphoid tissues and organs house;
Function
A
phagocyte cells and lymphocytes
play essential role in body defense and resistance to defense
4
Q
exchange of nutrients, waste and gases occur between
A
blood and interstitial fluid
5
Q
excessive edema
A
impairs the ability of tissue cells to make exchanges with the interstitial fluid and ultimately blood
6
Q
function of lymphatic vessels
A
is to form an elaborate drainage system that picks up excess lymph tissue fluid and return it to the blood
7
Q
lymphatic vessels are also called
A
lymphatics
8
Q
lymphatics form a
lymph flows
A
one way system and lymph flows only towards the heart
9
Q
microscopic, blind ended
A
lymph capillaries
10
Q
lymph capillaries absorb
A
leaked fluid
11
Q
lymph capillaries are remarkably
A
permeable
12
Q
function of minivalves
A
act as one way swinging doors
13
Q
flaps anchored by fine collagen fibers to surrounding structures,
A
gape open when the fluid pressure is higher in the interstitial space, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary
14
Q
When the pressure is higher inside the lymphatic vessels
A
the endothelial cell flaps are forced together, preventing the lymph from leaking back out forcing it along the vessel
15
Q
Proteins and even larger particles such as cell debris, bacteria and viruses are normally prevented
A
from entering blood capillaries but enter lymphatic capillaries easily, particularly in inflamed areas.
16
Q
bacteria, viruses and cancer cells that enter the lymphatics can use protein and larger particles to
A
travel throughout the body
17
Q
lymph is transported from the lymph capillaries through successively larger lymphatic vessels called
A
lymphatic collecting vessels
18
Q
right lymphatic duct drains the
A
lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax
19
Q
receives lymph from the rest of the body
A
thoracic duct
20
Q
low pressure, pump less system
A
lymphatic system
21
Q
lymph is transported by the same mechanisms that aid return of
A
venous blood
22
Q
lymphoid tissues and organs are most closely related to the
A
immune system than cardiovascular system
23
Q
lymph nodes protect the body by
A
removing foreign materials such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream
24
Q
lymph nodes produce
A
lymphocytes that function in the immune response
25
Lymph is filtered through the
1000s of lymph nodes
26
Within lymph nodes are
macrophages
27
function of macrophages
engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses
28
Also strategically located in the lymph nodes
lymphocytes
29
What is actually "swollen"?
nodes of the lymphatic system
30
swelling of the lymph nodes results from the
trapping function of the nodes
31
outer part of the node
cortex
32
cortex contains collections of lymphocytes called
follicles
33
have dark stained centers called
germinal centers
34
germinal centers enlarge when
specific lymphocytes (B cells) are generating daughter cells called plasma cells
35
plasma cells release
antibodies
36
phagocytic macrophages are located in the central
central medulla of the lymph node
37
lymph enters the convex side of the lymph through
afferent lymphatic vessels
38
lymph nodes can also become
secondary cancer sites
39
swollen but not painful
Cancer infiltrated lymph nodes
40
common feature of lymphoid organs
is the predominance of reticular connective tissue and lymphocytes
41
filters blood
spleen
42
spleen is located
in the left side of the abdominal cavity
43
spleen dont filter
lymph
| Filters bacteria, viruses and other debris
44
spleen provides a site for
lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
45
important function of spleen
destroy worn out red blood cells
46
in the fetus spleen is an important
hematopoeitic site
47
Other functions of spleen
Storing platelets and acting as a blood reservoir
48
During hemorrhage, what is contacting?
Spleen and liver
49
Adult spleen only produces
Lymphocytes
50
Functions at peak levels only during youth
Thymus
51
Describe thymus
Lymphoid mass found low in the throat overlying the heart
52
Thymus produces
Thymosin
53
Function of thymosin
Programming of certain lymphocytes so they can carry out their protective roles in the body
54
Programming enables the lymphocytes to distinguish between
Our own cells and substances that are foreign to the body
55
Small masses of lymphoid tissue that ring the pharynx (throat)
Tonsils
56
Job of tonsils
Trap and remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat
57
Describe tonsillitis
Tonsils carry out their function so efficiently that sometimes they become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen and sore
58
Resembles tonsils
Peyer’s patches
59
Peyer’s patches are found
I’m the wall of the distal part of the small intestine
60
A tube like offshoot of the first part of the large intestine
Appendix
61
Prevents bacteria from penetrating the intestinal wall by destroying them
Peyer’s patches
62
Peyer’s patches, the appendix and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues called
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
63
MALT act as a
Sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the never ending attacks of foreign mater entering those cavities
64
The body’s defenders against hostile bacteria are two systems, called
innate and adaptive defense systems
65
innate and adaptive defense systems make the
Immune system
66
Another name of innate defense system
Nonspecific defense system
67
Functions of innate defense system
Protect the body from all foreign substances
68
Adaptive or specific defense system mounts the attack
Against particular foreign substances
69
Immune system is a
Functional system
70
Most important of the immune cells are
Lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages
71
Adaptive system lacks
Speed
72
Body’s first line of defense against the invasion of disease causing microorganisms is the
Skin and mucous membranes
73
As long as the skin isnt broken, it’s
Keratinized epidermis is a strong physical barrier to most microorganisms
74
Mucus membranes line all body cavities
Open to the exterior
75
Considered to be a nonspecific protective response
Fever
76
Pit bulls of the defense system
Natural killer cells
77
NK cells roam the body in
Blood and lymph
78
NK cells can
Lyse and kill cancer cells
79
Acts spontaneously against any target by recognizing certain sugar on the intruder’s surface
NK cells
80
NK cells target
Cell’s membranes and release a lytic chemical called perforins
81
NK also releases
Power inflammatory chemicals
82
Response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
Inflammatory response
83
4 most common indicators or cardinal signs of an acute inflammation are
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
84
Inflammatory process behinds with a
Chemical alarm
85
When cells are injured, inflammatory process release chemicals including
Histamine and kinins
86
Inflammatory chemicals cause blood vessels to
Dilate and capillaries to become leaky
87
Inflammatory chemicals activate
Pain receptors
88
Inflammatory chemicals attract
Phagocytes and WBCs
89
Cells are following a chemical gradient
Chemotaxis
90
The inflammatory response prevents the
Spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues, disposed of cell debris and pathogens and sets the stage for repair
91
When chemical signal is the strongest, they flatten out and squeeze through the capillary walls, a process called
Dispedesis
92
Wall off the damaged area with fibrin to prevent the spread of pathogens or harmful agents to neighboring tissues
Clotting proteins
93
Forms a scaffolding for permanent repair
Fibrin mesh
94
Increase metabolic rate of tissue cells, speeding up their defensive actions and repair processes
The local heat
95
If the damage area contains pathogens that have previously invaded the body,
The 3rd like of defense comes into play- adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes
96
Mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken down tissue cells and living and dead pathogens
Pus
97
If the inflammatory mechanism fails to fully clear the area of debris, the sac of pus may become walled off, forming
An abscess
98
Patients that make it through the mechanical barriers are confronted by
Phagocytes
99
Enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce
Antimicrobial proteins
100
Most important antimicrobial proteins
Complement proteins
| Interferon
101
The term complement refers to a
Group of atleast 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state
102
Compliment fixation occurs when
Compliment proteins bind to certain surfaces or proteins on the foreign cell’s surface
103
One result of complement fixation is the formation of
Membrane attack complexes that produces lesions
104
Lesions allow water
To rush into the cell
105
Activated complement amplifies
The inflammatory response
106
Lack the cellular machinery required to generate ATP or make proteins
Viruses, essentially nuclei acids surrounded by a protein coat
107
Systematic response to invading microorganisms
Fever
108
Body temperature is regulated by
A part of the hypothalamus
109
Body’s thermostat
Hypothalamus
110
Chemicals secreted by WBCs and macrophages exposes to foreign cells or substances in the body
Pyrogens
111
Fever increase the
Metabolic rate of tissue cells, speeding up repair processes
112
3 important ascents of adaptive defense
It is antigen specific
It is systemic
It has memory
113
Another name for humoral immunity
antibody mediated immunity
114
humoral immunity is provided by
antibodies persent in the body's humors or fluids
115
when lymphocytes themselves defend the body, the immunity is called
cellular immunity or cell mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells
116
substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response
antigen
117
nonself
foreign intruders
118
strongest antigens
proteins
119
our cells are richly studded with a variety of
protein molecules (self antigens)
120
do not trigger and immune response in us
self antigens
121
troublesome small molecule is called
hapten or incomplete antigen
122
besides drugs, chemicals that act as hapten are found in
poison ivy, animal dander and some cosmetics
123
binding of penicillin to blood protein causes
penicillin reaction
124
crucial cells of the adaptive system are
lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APC)
125
B lymphocytes or B cells produce
antibodies and oversee humoral immunity
126
T lymphocytes or T cells are
non antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell mediated arm of the adaptive defense system
127
do not respond to specific antigens
APCs
128
APCs play an important role in
helping the lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens
129
lymphocytes originates from
hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
130
once a lymphocyte is immunocompetent
it will be able to react to one distinct antigen
131
lymphocytes become immunocompetent before
meeting the antigens they may later attack
132
T cells and B cells migrate to
lymph nodes and spleen
133
major role of APC in immunity
engulf antigens and then present fragments of them
134
present antigens to the cells that will deal with the antigens
APC
135
major types acting as APCs are
dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes)
136
dendritic cells are also called
langerhans cells
137
dendritic cells are at the body's?
| Best simulated to act as?
body's frontiers
mobile sentinels
138
macrophages act as
phagocytes in the innate defense system
139
two fisted defense system
adaptive defense system
140
most of the B cell clone members or descendant becomes
plasma cells
141
B cell clone members that do not become plasma cells become long lived
memory cells
142
memory cells are capable of
responding to the same antigen at later meetings
143
memory cells are responsible for
immunological memory
144
produce much faster and more prolonged and are more effective than the events of the primary response
secondary humoral response
