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Lymphatic System > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

without lymphatic system what wont work?

A

cardiovascular and immune system

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2
Q

Function of lymphatic vessels

A

transport back to the blood fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system

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3
Q

lymphoid tissues and organs house;

Function

A

phagocyte cells and lymphocytes

play essential role in body defense and resistance to defense

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4
Q

exchange of nutrients, waste and gases occur between

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

excessive edema

A

impairs the ability of tissue cells to make exchanges with the interstitial fluid and ultimately blood

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6
Q

function of lymphatic vessels

A

is to form an elaborate drainage system that picks up excess lymph tissue fluid and return it to the blood

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7
Q

lymphatic vessels are also called

A

lymphatics

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8
Q

lymphatics form a

lymph flows

A

one way system and lymph flows only towards the heart

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9
Q

microscopic, blind ended

A

lymph capillaries

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10
Q

lymph capillaries absorb

A

leaked fluid

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11
Q

lymph capillaries are remarkably

A

permeable

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12
Q

function of minivalves

A

act as one way swinging doors

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13
Q

flaps anchored by fine collagen fibers to surrounding structures,

A

gape open when the fluid pressure is higher in the interstitial space, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary

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14
Q

When the pressure is higher inside the lymphatic vessels

A

the endothelial cell flaps are forced together, preventing the lymph from leaking back out forcing it along the vessel

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15
Q

Proteins and even larger particles such as cell debris, bacteria and viruses are normally prevented

A

from entering blood capillaries but enter lymphatic capillaries easily, particularly in inflamed areas.

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16
Q

bacteria, viruses and cancer cells that enter the lymphatics can use protein and larger particles to

A

travel throughout the body

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17
Q

lymph is transported from the lymph capillaries through successively larger lymphatic vessels called

A

lymphatic collecting vessels

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18
Q

right lymphatic duct drains the

A

lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax

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19
Q

receives lymph from the rest of the body

A

thoracic duct

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20
Q

low pressure, pump less system

A

lymphatic system

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21
Q

lymph is transported by the same mechanisms that aid return of

A

venous blood

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22
Q

lymphoid tissues and organs are most closely related to the

A

immune system than cardiovascular system

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23
Q

lymph nodes protect the body by

A

removing foreign materials such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream

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24
Q

lymph nodes produce

A

lymphocytes that function in the immune response

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25
Q

Lymph is filtered through the

A

1000s of lymph nodes

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26
Q

Within lymph nodes are

A

macrophages

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27
Q

function of macrophages

A

engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses

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28
Q

Also strategically located in the lymph nodes

A

lymphocytes

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29
Q

What is actually “swollen”?

A

nodes of the lymphatic system

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30
Q

swelling of the lymph nodes results from the

A

trapping function of the nodes

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31
Q

outer part of the node

A

cortex

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32
Q

cortex contains collections of lymphocytes called

A

follicles

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33
Q

have dark stained centers called

A

germinal centers

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34
Q

germinal centers enlarge when

A

specific lymphocytes (B cells) are generating daughter cells called plasma cells

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35
Q

plasma cells release

A

antibodies

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36
Q

phagocytic macrophages are located in the central

A

central medulla of the lymph node

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37
Q

lymph enters the convex side of the lymph through

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

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38
Q

lymph nodes can also become

A

secondary cancer sites

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39
Q

swollen but not painful

A

Cancer infiltrated lymph nodes

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40
Q

common feature of lymphoid organs

A

is the predominance of reticular connective tissue and lymphocytes

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41
Q

filters blood

A

spleen

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42
Q

spleen is located

A

in the left side of the abdominal cavity

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43
Q

spleen dont filter

A

lymph

Filters bacteria, viruses and other debris

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44
Q

spleen provides a site for

A

lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

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45
Q

important function of spleen

A

destroy worn out red blood cells

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46
Q

in the fetus spleen is an important

A

hematopoeitic site

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47
Q

Other functions of spleen

A

Storing platelets and acting as a blood reservoir

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48
Q

During hemorrhage, what is contacting?

A

Spleen and liver

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49
Q

Adult spleen only produces

A

Lymphocytes

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50
Q

Functions at peak levels only during youth

A

Thymus

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51
Q

Describe thymus

A

Lymphoid mass found low in the throat overlying the heart

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52
Q

Thymus produces

A

Thymosin

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53
Q

Function of thymosin

A

Programming of certain lymphocytes so they can carry out their protective roles in the body

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54
Q

Programming enables the lymphocytes to distinguish between

A

Our own cells and substances that are foreign to the body

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55
Q

Small masses of lymphoid tissue that ring the pharynx (throat)

A

Tonsils

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56
Q

Job of tonsils

A

Trap and remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat

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57
Q

Describe tonsillitis

A

Tonsils carry out their function so efficiently that sometimes they become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen and sore

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58
Q

Resembles tonsils

A

Peyer’s patches

59
Q

Peyer’s patches are found

A

I’m the wall of the distal part of the small intestine

60
Q

A tube like offshoot of the first part of the large intestine

A

Appendix

61
Q

Prevents bacteria from penetrating the intestinal wall by destroying them

A

Peyer’s patches

62
Q

Peyer’s patches, the appendix and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues called

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

63
Q

MALT act as a

A

Sentinel to protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from the never ending attacks of foreign mater entering those cavities

64
Q

The body’s defenders against hostile bacteria are two systems, called

A

innate and adaptive defense systems

65
Q

innate and adaptive defense systems make the

A

Immune system

66
Q

Another name of innate defense system

A

Nonspecific defense system

67
Q

Functions of innate defense system

A

Protect the body from all foreign substances

68
Q

Adaptive or specific defense system mounts the attack

A

Against particular foreign substances

69
Q

Immune system is a

A

Functional system

70
Q

Most important of the immune cells are

A

Lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages

71
Q

Adaptive system lacks

A

Speed

72
Q

Body’s first line of defense against the invasion of disease causing microorganisms is the

A

Skin and mucous membranes

73
Q

As long as the skin isnt broken, it’s

A

Keratinized epidermis is a strong physical barrier to most microorganisms

74
Q

Mucus membranes line all body cavities

A

Open to the exterior

75
Q

Considered to be a nonspecific protective response

A

Fever

76
Q

Pit bulls of the defense system

A

Natural killer cells

77
Q

NK cells roam the body in

A

Blood and lymph

78
Q

NK cells can

A

Lyse and kill cancer cells

79
Q

Acts spontaneously against any target by recognizing certain sugar on the intruder’s surface

A

NK cells

80
Q

NK cells target

A

Cell’s membranes and release a lytic chemical called perforins

81
Q

NK also releases

A

Power inflammatory chemicals

82
Q

Response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory response

83
Q

4 most common indicators or cardinal signs of an acute inflammation are

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

84
Q

Inflammatory process behinds with a

A

Chemical alarm

85
Q

When cells are injured, inflammatory process release chemicals including

A

Histamine and kinins

86
Q

Inflammatory chemicals cause blood vessels to

A

Dilate and capillaries to become leaky

87
Q

Inflammatory chemicals activate

A

Pain receptors

88
Q

Inflammatory chemicals attract

A

Phagocytes and WBCs

89
Q

Cells are following a chemical gradient

A

Chemotaxis

90
Q

The inflammatory response prevents the

A

Spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues, disposed of cell debris and pathogens and sets the stage for repair

91
Q

When chemical signal is the strongest, they flatten out and squeeze through the capillary walls, a process called

A

Dispedesis

92
Q

Wall off the damaged area with fibrin to prevent the spread of pathogens or harmful agents to neighboring tissues

A

Clotting proteins

93
Q

Forms a scaffolding for permanent repair

A

Fibrin mesh

94
Q

Increase metabolic rate of tissue cells, speeding up their defensive actions and repair processes

A

The local heat

95
Q

If the damage area contains pathogens that have previously invaded the body,

A

The 3rd like of defense comes into play- adaptive response mediated by lymphocytes

96
Q

Mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken down tissue cells and living and dead pathogens

A

Pus

97
Q

If the inflammatory mechanism fails to fully clear the area of debris, the sac of pus may become walled off, forming

A

An abscess

98
Q

Patients that make it through the mechanical barriers are confronted by

A

Phagocytes

99
Q

Enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce

A

Antimicrobial proteins

100
Q

Most important antimicrobial proteins

A

Complement proteins

Interferon

101
Q

The term complement refers to a

A

Group of atleast 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive state

102
Q

Compliment fixation occurs when

A

Compliment proteins bind to certain surfaces or proteins on the foreign cell’s surface

103
Q

One result of complement fixation is the formation of

A

Membrane attack complexes that produces lesions

104
Q

Lesions allow water

A

To rush into the cell

105
Q

Activated complement amplifies

A

The inflammatory response

106
Q

Lack the cellular machinery required to generate ATP or make proteins

A

Viruses, essentially nuclei acids surrounded by a protein coat

107
Q

Systematic response to invading microorganisms

A

Fever

108
Q

Body temperature is regulated by

A

A part of the hypothalamus

109
Q

Body’s thermostat

A

Hypothalamus

110
Q

Chemicals secreted by WBCs and macrophages exposes to foreign cells or substances in the body

A

Pyrogens

111
Q

Fever increase the

A

Metabolic rate of tissue cells, speeding up repair processes

112
Q

3 important ascents of adaptive defense

A

It is antigen specific
It is systemic
It has memory

113
Q

Another name for humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity

114
Q

humoral immunity is provided by

A

antibodies persent in the body’s humors or fluids

115
Q

when lymphocytes themselves defend the body, the immunity is called

A

cellular immunity or cell mediated immunity because the protective factor is living cells

116
Q

substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response

A

antigen

117
Q

nonself

A

foreign intruders

118
Q

strongest antigens

A

proteins

119
Q

our cells are richly studded with a variety of

A

protein molecules (self antigens)

120
Q

do not trigger and immune response in us

A

self antigens

121
Q

troublesome small molecule is called

A

hapten or incomplete antigen

122
Q

besides drugs, chemicals that act as hapten are found in

A

poison ivy, animal dander and some cosmetics

123
Q

binding of penicillin to blood protein causes

A

penicillin reaction

124
Q

crucial cells of the adaptive system are

A

lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APC)

125
Q

B lymphocytes or B cells produce

A

antibodies and oversee humoral immunity

126
Q

T lymphocytes or T cells are

A

non antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cell mediated arm of the adaptive defense system

127
Q

do not respond to specific antigens

A

APCs

128
Q

APCs play an important role in

A

helping the lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens

129
Q

lymphocytes originates from

A

hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow

130
Q

once a lymphocyte is immunocompetent

A

it will be able to react to one distinct antigen

131
Q

lymphocytes become immunocompetent before

A

meeting the antigens they may later attack

132
Q

T cells and B cells migrate to

A

lymph nodes and spleen

133
Q

major role of APC in immunity

A

engulf antigens and then present fragments of them

134
Q

present antigens to the cells that will deal with the antigens

A

APC

135
Q

major types acting as APCs are

A

dendritic cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes)

136
Q

dendritic cells are also called

A

langerhans cells

137
Q

dendritic cells are at the body’s?

Best simulated to act as?

A

body’s frontiers

mobile sentinels

138
Q

macrophages act as

A

phagocytes in the innate defense system

139
Q

two fisted defense system

A

adaptive defense system

140
Q

most of the B cell clone members or descendant becomes

A

plasma cells

141
Q

B cell clone members that do not become plasma cells become long lived

A

memory cells

142
Q

memory cells are capable of

A

responding to the same antigen at later meetings

143
Q

memory cells are responsible for

A

immunological memory

144
Q

produce much faster and more prolonged and are more effective than the events of the primary response

A

secondary humoral response

Lymphatic System (2 decks)

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