Lymphatic System

Question 1

immunity

Answer 1

ability to resist damage from foreign substances (microorganisms, harmful chemicals)
- innate or non specific resistance
- adaptive or specific immunity

Question 2

innate immunity or non-specific

Answer 2

Generalized (“me antigen”) and will defend against all foreign invaders.
Primary immune response

Mechanical: prevent entry or remove microbes

Chemical: promote phagocytosis and inflammation

Question 3

Adaptive or specific immunity

Answer 3

Adapted to fight specific targets is the secondary immune response

Specificity: recognize particular substances

Memory: (t cells) remember previous encounters with a particular substance, and respond rapidly

Question 4

complement

Answer 4

group of 20 proteins circulate in blood and become activated in a cascade event
- classical pathway
- alternate pathway

Question 5

activated complement proteins

Answer 5

• form membrane attack complex (MAC): make channel thru PM
• attach to surface of cells to phagocytize
• attract immune system components to promote inflammation (neutrophils and basophils)

Question 6

classical pathway

Answer 6

(part of adaptive immunity)(complement)
- secondary immune response that requires antibodies to bind to antigens
- have helper T cells

Question 7

alternative pathway

Answer 7

(innate immunity)(complement)

C3 binds with foreign substances to attract phagocytes

Question 8

interferons

Answer 8

produced by infected cell and cause neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins (paracrine)

Question 9

neutrophils

Answer 9

A type of white blood cell that engulfs microbes by phagocytosis
- enter infected tissue first with phagocytes
- clean and eat; fast and motile
- 60% all WBC

Question 10

macrophages

Answer 10

monocytes that have left bloodstream and enter tissues
- spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes
- large phagocytes

Question 11

basophils and mast cells

Answer 11

-Promote inflammation when activated by innate or adaptive system
-Release histamine
-“somebody is here! Come get him!”
-Mast cells is basophil that is stationary and in CT

Question 12

eosinophils

Answer 12

-Leave blood and enter tissues
-Reduce inflammation and break down chemicals made by basophils and mast cells
-Secrete enzymes that kill parasites
-Produce antihistamine
-React to call of basophils/mast cells

Question 13

natural killer cells

Answer 13

a type of lymphocyte that attacks tumor cells and virus-infected cells
- recognize class of cells, not specific ones

Question 14

inflammatory response: Local vs Systemic

Answer 14

Local: confined to a specific area. Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Systemic: occurs in many parts of the body. additional symptoms:
increase neutrophil # by bone marrow, fever (pyrogens), increase vascular permeability (histamine). Large volume of plasma in Interstitial space = shock

Question 15

Inflammatory Response

Answer 15

Bacteria enter tissue
Tissue damage occur
Chemical mediators released (increase blood flow, chemotaxis, increase vascular permeability)
Increase numbers of WBC and chemical mediators at site of tissue damage
Bacterial are contained, destroyed and phagocytized
Bacteria gone> tissue repair OR bacteria remain > additional chem mediators activated > chemical mediators released (positive feedback loop = death)

Question 16

self antigen

Answer 16

(aka me antigen)
body’s own antigen
- used as marker for adaptive immunity to differentiate btwn self and nonself

Question 17

haptens

Answer 17

antigens too small to provoke immune responses; attach to carrier molecules to make an adaptive immune response

Question 18

humoral immunity / Antibody-mediated

Answer 18

humoral (fluid); antibody-mediated (extracellular attack)
B cells and antibodies than can only attack extracellular things

Question 19

Cell-mediated

Answer 19

T cells in adaptive immunity

Question 20

positive selection of lymphocytes

Answer 20

-Ensure survival of lymphocyte react against antigens then proliferate/clone
-Find lymphocyte that react against antigen and will kill it
Aren’t killing so kill

Question 21

negative selection of lymphocytes

Answer 21

-Eliminate clones of lymphocytes react against self-antigens
-Kill anything, even me antigens
-Comes after positive selection and remove those that don’t recognize the me antigens
killing things that are killing the wrong things

Question 22

tolerance

Answer 22

state of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to specific antigen and usually to self antigen (one’s own cells) - wont kill you
-Negative selection selects for tolerance

Question 23

B and T cells

Answer 23

• types of lymphocytes
• both originate in bone marrow
• B cells mature in bone marrow; T cells mature in thymus (primary lymphatic organs)
• secondary lymphatic organs/tissues are where B and T cells go to work (lymphatic tissues, nodes, nodules, etc)

Question 24

activation of lymphocytes

Answer 24

1. Lymphocytes must be able to recognize the antigen
2. After recognition, lymphocytes must increase in number to effectively destroy antigen

Question 25

antigenic determinants

Answer 25

specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte. On the antigen -antigenic receptors: surface of lymphocyte combine with antigen directly. On the lymphocyte -activation with glycoproteins: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules attached to PM and variable region can bind to foreign and self antigens

Question 26

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Class I

Answer 26

-On nucleated cells surface -Cell that has become infected and displayed antigen on outside of it -Antigen protein broken into fragments -Broken fragments go to ER and join w MHC I molecules -self antigen and foreign antigen displayed on cell surface -Both foreign antigen and self antigen marked by MHC 1 molecules and are both recognized by T cell or macrophage to kill it (cell that has to die bc its infected)

Question 27

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Class II

Answer 27

Macrophage has consumed antigen as move around (antigen not enter cell but was eaten) -Macrophage break it down and release MCH 2 molecules -MCH 2 molecules attached to foreign antigen and displayed on PM -Not "up for death" - nothing kills macrophage ; stimulates immune cells

Question 28

Costimulation

Answer 28

helps to ensure that immune system doesn't launch an attack in the absence of an enemy - via cytokines - via surface molecules

Question 29

Costimulation by Cytokines

Answer 29

- Helper T cell approach macrophage with displayed antigen (MHC2) on PM - helper T cell attaches to macrophage with T-cell receptor - cytokines leave macrophage and attach to helper T-cell's cytokine receptors

Question 30

costimulation by surface molecules

Answer 30

- Helper T-cell extends receptor to attach to macrophage's displayed foreign antigen (MHC2) on PM -glycoprotein expands out of helper T cell and joins to antigen and can control and develop its own antigenic determinant (can recognize and build antigenic determinant of virus, important for T cells)

Question 31

anergy

Answer 31

absence of the normal immune response to a particular antigen or allergen - costimulation not take place

Question 32

proliferation of lymphocytes

Answer 32

Cells from original clones must proliferate before antigen can be attacked effectively 1. Proliferation of Helper T cells (Cytokines) 2. Proliferation of B cells and effector T cells (surface) -Helper T cell has downloaded information about antigen when join w macrophage (can teach soliders how to fight) -Helper T cells release lympholukens and stimulate mytosis = new soliders

Question 33

helper t cell proliferation

Answer 33

- Macrophage attached to helper T cell (MHC2) - T cell release interluken 1 > interluken 2 > develop interluken 2 receptors - Now make daughter cells (divide again or stimulate B or T cells)

Question 34

proliferation of B cells

Answer 34

- B cell attach to helper T cell (MHC2) w CD4 anchoring; release interleukins into B cell - unprocessed antigen go to B cell receptor to get eaten - B cells can make daughter cells which make antibodies

Question 35

lymphocyte inhibition

Answer 35

* Tolerance: state of unresponsive of lymphocytes to a specific antigen Provoked by: § Deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes § Preventing activation of lymphocytes that encounter self antigens § Activation of suppressive T cells: cells that may produce suppressive cytokines or kill antigen-presenting cells

Question 36

antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 36

Effective against extracellular antigens when they are outside cells - variable region: combine w antigenic determinate of antigen (Change shape, antigen binding cite) - constant region: tell what to bind to and when (directs antibody or its reaction)

Question 37

Actions of antibodies

Answer 37

-Antigen can directly attach to antibody -antigen can attach to many antibody -Antigen attach to antibody to release inflammation, chemotaxis, lysis -Antibody can be attached to mast cell and have antigen attach to make inflammation -Antigen and antibody can attach to macrophage + consumed (constant region)

Question 38

antibody production: Primary response

Answer 38

3-14 days (innate) -B cell first activated by antigen then proliferate to make plasma cells and memory cells -B cell eat antigen and come in contact w macrophage (first time) then have memory to make antibodies

Question 39

Antibody production: Secondary Response

Answer 39

(adaptive) 8-24 hrs -Memory cells divide rapidly to make plasma cells and additional memory cells (Faster and greater response) -B and T cells are primed and ready (don't have to go thru learning process) to go

Question 40

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 40

- T cells fight things inside the cell - either lyse cells (perforin) to kill or release cytokines (phagocytosis and inflammation) - memory cells are made

Question 41

proliferation of cytotoxic t cells

Answer 41

- cytotoxic T cell binds with target cell (MCH1) anchoring with CD8 - helper T cell releases interleukin2 into cytotoxic T cell - cytotoxic T cell now make daughter cells (have that binding cite)

Question 42

immune interactions

Answer 42

Antigen attaches to macrophages which presents it to helper T-cells T-cell proliferates then daughter T-cell can instruct B-cell + T-cells to make antigenic binding cites A) Daughter bind to B-cell produces antigen B) T-cell bind to cells that show antigen to cytokines C) both daughter B+T-cells responsible for adaptive immunity Cycle continues til antigen all gone

Question 43

acquired immunity

Answer 43

-immunization -Active natural immunity: (vaccine shot) -Active artificial immunity: (first breast feed) -Passive artificial immunity: immune animal to non immune transfer)

Question 44

ways to get acquired immunity

Answer 44

Natural /artificial > activate immunity > acquired adaptive immunity (memory B and T cells) Natural/artificial> passive immunity > acquired adaptive immunity natural: get antigens thru natural exposure artificial: antigens deliberately introduced thru vaccine