lymphatic drainage Flashcards
mesenchyme tissue
benign: fibroma, lipoma
malignant: sarcoma
melonocytes
benign: nevus
malignant: melonoma
lymphocytes
malignant: lymphoma
epithelium
benign: adenoma, papilloma
malignant: carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
90% of head and neck cancers are ?
squamous cell carcinomas
types of metastasis
- transcoelomic
- hematogenous
- lymphogenous
transcoelomic
- across peritoneal cavity
- from abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
metastasis
dissemination of malignant tumors thru body
hematogenous
spread thru blood
- main route for sarcomas (mesenchyme)
- renal carcinoma
lymphogenous
main route for carcinomas (epithelial)
blood vessels form a — circulation
closed
what kind of system are lymphatic vessels?
form a one-way system in which lymph flows ONLY toward heart
components of lymphatic system
- primary lymphatic organs
- secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
- lymphatic vessels
primary lymphoid organs
- major site of lymphopoiesis
- produce progenitor cells of lymphocytic lineage
- include: thymus and bone marrow
secondary lymphoid organs
-where most lymphocytes are activated by antigen presentation, include MALT (mucosa-assoc lymphoid tissue), lymph nodes, and spleen
T and B lymphocytes
MALT
pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil
lymph nodes
bean-shaped, encapsulated structures, distributed thru body along lymphatic vessels
3 regions of lymph nodes
outer cortex
paracortex
medulla
outer cortex of lymph node
- receives lymph from afferent lymphatics
- contains lymph nodules with a germinal center (where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate)
paracortex
where most lymphocytes enter HEVs (high endothelium veins)
-also rich in T cells
medulla
with sinuses converging at the efferent lymphatic
spleen
- contains largest single accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the body
- only lymphoid organ involved in filtration of blood
- main site of old erythrocyte destruction
- stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed
- site of erythrocyte production in fetus
2 major regions of spleen
white pulp: cluster of lymphocytes. makes up 20% of spleen
red pulp: where worn out red blood cells are destroyed, so it contains huge numbers of erythrocytes and macrophages that engulf them
what start the transport of lymph?
lymphatic vessels and then flows thru successively larger and thicker channels
flow of lymph
lymphatic capillaries–> collecting lymphatic vessels (with valves)–> lymphatic trunks–> lymphatic ducts
right lymphatic duct
- drains from right upper limb, right side of head and thorax
- empties into the blood at junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins
thoracic duct
- drains lymph from rest of body
- empties into blood at junction of left internal jugular and subclavian veins
- *most important side for lymph drainage
superficial horizontal/outer ring
at junction of head and neck
- occipital nodes
- retroauricular (mastoid) nodes
- parotid (buccal) nodes
- submandibular nodes
- submental nodes
* primarily drain into the jugulodigastric node
deep horizontal/inner ring
surrounds cervical viscera
- retropharyngeal nodes: receive lymph from nasal cavity (most), soft palate nasopharynx auditory tube and oropharynx pharyngeal tonsils and tubal tonsils
- primarily drain into jugulodigastic node
deep vertical/cervical chain
follows internal jugular vein
connects the two other rings bilaterally
-jugulo-digastic nodes: receive lymph from tongue (posterior 1/3), palatine tonsil, mandibular teeth
-jugulo-omohyoid nodes: receive lymph from all the nodes above it
occipital nodes
lie just below the superior nuchal line atop the trapezius muscle
- afferent vessels (receive lymph): occipital nodes receive lymphatics from the scalp
- efferent vessels: primarily drain to the jugulodigastic node
mastoid nodes
lie over mastoid process
- afferent: receive drainage from scalp and auricle
- efferent: primarily drain to the jugulodigastic node
parotid (buccal) nodes
lie superficial to capsule of parotid gland and within the parotid gland
- afferent: Superficial– eyelides, temples, prominence of cheek, and auricle. Deep–middle ear, external auditory meatus, soft palate, posterior aspect of nasal cavity
- efferent: drain to the jugulodigastic node
submandibular nodes
lie within the submandibular region
- afferent: submental nodes–cheek, nose, upper lip of face, maxillary teeth, vestibular gingivae, mucosa and gingivae of hard palate, posterior floor of mouth and tongue
- efferent: drain to jugulodigastic node
submental nodes
lie within the submandibular region
- afferent: receive from lower lip, chin, tip of tongue, and anterior floor of mouth
- efferent: primarily drain to submandibular nodes
lymphatic drainage of the tongue
-drain bilaterally (wide and aggressive spread of oral infections and carcinomas)
