lymphatic drainage

Question 1

mesenchyme tissue

Answer 1

benign: fibroma, lipoma
malignant: sarcoma

Question 2

melonocytes

Answer 2

benign: nevus
malignant: melonoma

Question 3

lymphocytes

Answer 3

malignant: lymphoma

Question 4

epithelium

Answer 4

benign: adenoma, papilloma
malignant: carcinoma, adenocarcinoma

Question 5

90% of head and neck cancers are ?

Answer 5

squamous cell carcinomas

Question 6

types of metastasis

Answer 6

• transcoelomic
• hematogenous
• lymphogenous

Question 7

transcoelomic

Answer 7

• across peritoneal cavity

- from abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Question 8

metastasis

Answer 8

dissemination of malignant tumors thru body

Question 9

hematogenous

Answer 9

spread thru blood

• main route for sarcomas (mesenchyme)
• renal carcinoma

Question 10

lymphogenous

Answer 10

main route for carcinomas (epithelial)

Question 11

blood vessels form a — circulation

Answer 11

closed

Question 12

what kind of system are lymphatic vessels?

Answer 12

form a one-way system in which lymph flows ONLY toward heart

Question 13

components of lymphatic system

Answer 13

• primary lymphatic organs
• secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
• lymphatic vessels

Question 14

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 14

• major site of lymphopoiesis
• produce progenitor cells of lymphocytic lineage
• include: thymus and bone marrow

Question 15

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 15

-where most lymphocytes are activated by antigen presentation, include MALT (mucosa-assoc lymphoid tissue), lymph nodes, and spleen
T and B lymphocytes

Question 16

MALT

Answer 16

pharyngeal tonsil, palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil

Question 17

lymph nodes

Answer 17

bean-shaped, encapsulated structures, distributed thru body along lymphatic vessels

Question 18

3 regions of lymph nodes

Answer 18

outer cortex
paracortex
medulla

Question 19

outer cortex of lymph node

Answer 19

• receives lymph from afferent lymphatics

- contains lymph nodules with a germinal center (where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate)

Question 20

paracortex

Answer 20

where most lymphocytes enter HEVs (high endothelium veins)

-also rich in T cells

Question 21

medulla

Answer 21

with sinuses converging at the efferent lymphatic

Question 22

spleen

Answer 22

• contains largest single accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the body
• only lymphoid organ involved in filtration of blood
• main site of old erythrocyte destruction
• stores blood platelets and monocytes for release into blood when needed
• site of erythrocyte production in fetus

Question 23

2 major regions of spleen

Answer 23

white pulp: cluster of lymphocytes. makes up 20% of spleen
red pulp: where worn out red blood cells are destroyed, so it contains huge numbers of erythrocytes and macrophages that engulf them

Question 24

what start the transport of lymph?

Answer 24

lymphatic vessels and then flows thru successively larger and thicker channels

Question 25

flow of lymph

Answer 25

lymphatic capillaries–> collecting lymphatic vessels (with valves)–> lymphatic trunks–> lymphatic ducts

Question 26

right lymphatic duct

Answer 26

• drains from right upper limb, right side of head and thorax
• empties into the blood at junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 27

thoracic duct

Answer 27

• drains lymph from rest of body
• empties into blood at junction of left internal jugular and subclavian veins
• *most important side for lymph drainage

Question 28

superficial horizontal/outer ring

Answer 28

at junction of head and neck

1. occipital nodes
2. retroauricular (mastoid) nodes
3. parotid (buccal) nodes
4. submandibular nodes
5. submental nodes
   * primarily drain into the jugulodigastric node

Question 29

deep horizontal/inner ring

Answer 29

surrounds cervical viscera

• retropharyngeal nodes: receive lymph from nasal cavity (most), soft palate nasopharynx auditory tube and oropharynx pharyngeal tonsils and tubal tonsils
• primarily drain into jugulodigastic node

Question 30

deep vertical/cervical chain

Answer 30

follows internal jugular vein
connects the two other rings bilaterally
-jugulo-digastic nodes: receive lymph from tongue (posterior 1/3), palatine tonsil, mandibular teeth
-jugulo-omohyoid nodes: receive lymph from all the nodes above it

Question 31

occipital nodes

Answer 31

lie just below the superior nuchal line atop the trapezius muscle

• afferent vessels (receive lymph): occipital nodes receive lymphatics from the scalp
• efferent vessels: primarily drain to the jugulodigastic node

Question 32

mastoid nodes

Answer 32

lie over mastoid process

• afferent: receive drainage from scalp and auricle
• efferent: primarily drain to the jugulodigastic node

Question 33

parotid (buccal) nodes

Answer 33

lie superficial to capsule of parotid gland and within the parotid gland

• afferent: Superficial– eyelides, temples, prominence of cheek, and auricle. Deep–middle ear, external auditory meatus, soft palate, posterior aspect of nasal cavity
• efferent: drain to the jugulodigastic node

Question 34

submandibular nodes

Answer 34

lie within the submandibular region

• afferent: submental nodes–cheek, nose, upper lip of face, maxillary teeth, vestibular gingivae, mucosa and gingivae of hard palate, posterior floor of mouth and tongue
• efferent: drain to jugulodigastic node

Question 35

submental nodes

Answer 35

lie within the submandibular region

• afferent: receive from lower lip, chin, tip of tongue, and anterior floor of mouth
• efferent: primarily drain to submandibular nodes

Question 36

lymphatic drainage of the tongue

Answer 36

-drain bilaterally (wide and aggressive spread of oral infections and carcinomas)