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3rd Block > Lymphatic And Immune Systtem 1 > Flashcards

Lymphatic And Immune Systtem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymph?

A

Ultrafiltrate of blood- interstitial fluid

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2
Q

How does Blood hydrostatic pressure(BHP) lead to lymph formation?

A

blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) pushes fluid out of capillaries(filtration), and blood colloid osmotic pressure( BCOP) pulls fluid into capillaries (reabsorption)

Fluid remaining in the interstitial space passes into lymphatic capillaries, it is lymph

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3
Q

Small quantities of protein are filtered into the interstitial space, what happens to this protein?

A

This protein returns to blood via lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drains excess interstitialnfluid- lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to blood
  2. Transport dietary lipids- Lymphatic vessels(lacteals)transport lipids and lipid soluble vitamins(A,D,E and K) absorbed by the GI tract
  3. Carries out immune responses- Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells
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5
Q

What vitamins are lipid soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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6
Q

Where are lymph vessels absent?

A

In a vascular tissue, CNS and bone marrow

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7
Q

Blind ended lymph vessels beginning in the spaces between cells are…

A

Anchored to the surrounding tissue by filaments

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8
Q

Describe small lymph vessels, their lining and convergence

A
  • are thin-walled and lined by endothelium

- Small lymphatic capillaries converge to form larger vessels

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9
Q

What do lymph vessels generally follow?

A

Lymph vessels generally follow veins in subcutaneous tissue or arteries in visceral structures

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10
Q

How are mini valves formed in lymph vessels?

A

The edges of the endothelial cells overlap each other to form mini valves

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11
Q

What is the function of mini valves in lymph vessels?

A

Permit fluid to enter when pressure outside the vessel increases but not the reverse

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12
Q

How is general one way circulation assisted in larger vessels?

A

Larger vessels have smooth muscles in the walls and one-way valves to assist with return of lymph to general circulation

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13
Q

What are lymphatic trunks?

A

Sites that drain most of the lymph from the body into the veinous circulation

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14
Q

Name the main lymphatic trunks

A
  • Jugular
  • Subclavian
  • Bronchomediastinal
  • Intestinal
  • Lumbar
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15
Q

What is unique about lymphatic drainage?

A

Drainage pattern on left and right side is different

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16
Q

Name the mechanisms of flow in lymphatic circulation

A

Skeletal muscle pump

Respiratory pump

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17
Q

Outline lymphatic circulation

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Lymph trunks ( Jugular, Subclavian, Bronchomediastinal, Intestinal, lumbar)
  5. Lymphatic ducts (right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct)
  6. Blood
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18
Q

What are examples of primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and the thymus

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19
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodules(follicles) and lymph nodes

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20
Q

What are Primary lymphatic organs?

A

Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

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21
Q

What are secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Sites where most immune responses occur

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22
Q

What is the thymus?

A

A bilobed organ located in the mediastinum and covered by dense connective tissue capsule

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23
Q

How does the thymus differ between infants and adults?

A

Thymus is large in infants

Thymus becomes involuted in adults

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24
Q

What is the function of the T cells?

A

Proliferation and maturation of T cells

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25
Q

What happens after T cells mature in the thymus?

A

Mature T cells leave the thymus via the blood stream and migrate to other lymphoid organs e.g. spleen, lymph nodes

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26
Q

How are the lobes of the thymus further divided?

A

Lobes further divided into lobules by penetrations called trabeculae

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27
Q

What does each lobule in the thymus consist of?

A

A cortex

A medulla

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28
Q

Describe the composition of the cortex of lobules in the thymus

A

Dark-staining, composed or large numbers of T cells and scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells and macrophages

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29
Q

How does the cortex of the thymus uses the substances it is comprised of?

A
  • Dendritic cells assist in maturation of T cells
  • Epithelial cell surround maturing T cells and help in “educating” them
  • Macrophages clean up debris and dead cells
  • Mature T cells enter the medulla
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30
Q

Describe the medulla if the lobules of the thymus

A

Lighter staining with fewer, widely scattered and more mature T cells than in the cortex

Dendritic cells, epithelial cells and macrophages also present

Hassal’s corpuscles are present

31
Q

What are Hassal’s corpuscles?

A

These are remnants of epithelial cells, filled with keratohyalin deposits

32
Q

What happens to T cells when they leave the thymus?

A

T cells that leave the thymus via the blood migrate o lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphatic tissues

33
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Kidney or bean shaped organs responsible for filtration of lymph

They are encapsulated in a dense connective tissue capsule

34
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Located along the lymphaticvessels occurring in clusters(e.g. axillary, cervical and inguinal)

35
Q

What divide lymph nodes into lobules in the thymus

A

Trabecula

36
Q

What are the functions of the afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels for the lymph nodes

A

Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels permit flow of lymph into and out of node

37
Q

What is the parenchyma in the lymph node divided into?

A

The parenchyma is divided into the outer cortex and deep medulla

38
Q

Describe the outer cortex of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes

A

Densely packed with lymph nodules with B cells

39
Q

What activity occurs in the outer cortex of the parenchyma of the lymph node?

A

B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells (antibody producing cells) or memory cells

40
Q

What does the deep the deep cortex of the lymph node consist of?

A

T cells, dendritic cells

41
Q

Describe medullary cords

A

Dark staining inward extensions of the cortical lymphoid tissue , contain B lymphocytes, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages

42
Q

Describe the medullary sinuses

A

Irregular lymph channels containing reticular fibers, lymphocytes, macrophages

43
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The spread of disease from one body part to another, can occur via lymphatic vessels

44
Q

How can cancer cells travel around the body?

A

Cancer cells may travel in the blood or lymph and establish new tumors where they lodge

45
Q

What is a clinical benefit of when metas is occurs in the lymphatic vessels?

A

When metastasis occurs in lymphatic vessels, secondary tumor sites can be predicted according to the direction of lymph flow from the primary tumor sites

46
Q

How do cancerous lymph nodes feel?

A

Cancerous lymph nodes feel enlarged, firm, non-tender and fixed to underlying structures

47
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A
  • Filters and removes worn-out and damaged red blood cells ( RBCs) and platelets
  • Storage of platelets
  • Hemopoiesis during fetal life
48
Q

Describe the spleen

A

Has dense connective tissue capsule and an outermost covering of visceral peritoneum

49
Q

What does the stroma of the spleen consist of?

A

Capsule, trabeculae and reticular fibers

50
Q

What does the parenchyma of the spleen consist of?

A

Red and white pulp (there are no lobules in the spleen)

51
Q

Describe the white pulp of the spleen

A
  • Consists of lymphocytes and macrophages suspended on reticular fibers surrounding central artery
  • Involved with immune functions by B and T cells
52
Q

Describe the red pulp of the spleen

A
  1. Veinous sinuses

2. Splenic cords

53
Q

Describe the splenic cords of the red pulp of the spleen.

A

-reticular tissue rich in macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes, RBCs

54
Q

What is the function of splenic cords of red pulp in the spleen?

A

Involved with disposing of worn-out RBCs and blood borne pathogens, storage of platelets and fetal hemopoiesis

55
Q

Describe lymph nodules

A

Small egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule

56
Q

Where are lymph nodules located?

A

Scattered throughout mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and the respiratory therefore also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue( MALT)

Many are small and solitary, while other occur in clusters(tonsils)

57
Q

What are mucosa associated lymphatic tissue/MALT?

A

Are small and solitary, while other occur in clusters

58
Q

What are tonsils ?

A

Collections of lymphoid tissue around the aero digestive tract

59
Q

What are tonsils strategically placed to do?

A

Tonsils are strategically positioned to participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances

60
Q

How many tonsils are usually at the ring at the junction of the oral cavity and oripharynx and at the junction of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. What are these tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

Palatine tonsils x2

Lingual tonsils x2

61
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

The main warriors of the immune system

62
Q

What do B lymphocytes protect against?

A

B lymphocytes usually protect against antigens

63
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Manage the immune response, some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells

64
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Play a crucial role in body protection and in the immune response by phagocytizing foreign substances and by helping to activate T cells

65
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

They capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes

66
Q

What are the functions of reticular cells?

A

These are fibroblast like cells that produce the reticular fiber stroma which is the network that supports the other cell types in the lymphoid organs

67
Q

What are the cell types in lymphoid tissue?

A

B and T lymphocytes, reticulocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, dendritic cells

68
Q

How are lymphocytes of lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphocytes supported by a framework of connective tissue

69
Q

What is the fiber type of lymphoid tissue?

A

Reticular fibers

70
Q

Describe the deep medulla of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes

A

Medullary cords: dark staining inwards extensions of the cortical lymphoid tissue, contain B-lymphocytes, antibody producing plasma cells and macrophages

Medullary sinuses: irregular lymph channels containing reticular fibers, lymphocytes, macrophages

71
Q

What is the flow of lymph in the lymph node?

A
  1. Afferent lymph node
  2. Subscapular sinus
  3. Trabecular sinus
  4. Medullary sinus
  5. Efferent lymphatic vessel
72
Q

Contrast the chemical composition of outer cortex, inner cortex and medulla of a lymph node

A

Outer cortex lymph node- B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages

Inner cortex- T cells and dendritic cells

Cells of medulla- plasma cells, B cells and macrophages

73
Q

What cells line around the germinal epithelium of a lymph node?

A

B cells

3rd Block (5 decks)

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