Lymphatic and Immune Flashcards
Are all bacterial cells harmful?
NO we call them pathogens if they cause harm
Does the immune system have organs?
NO just cells that are activated by the lymphatic system
The immune system is in ALL organs T/F
True
Lymphatic system purposes (3)
- Inspect lymph for pathogens 2. activate immune responses 3. Return and clean fluid to blood circulation
How much fluid is not reabsorpted by blood capillaries
About 15%
what happens in lymph nodes
Fluid is analyzed for disease and immune cells stand guard
Lacteals are a type of
Lymphatic capillary in the small intestine
Lymph is
Fluid not reabsorpted by blood capillaries
Lymphatic vessels are in charge of
Moving lymph
Lymphatic tissues are made of ____ and ____
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Lymphatic organs are different from lymphatic tissues because
Organs have a CT capsule around them and defines to one location whereas lymphatic tissues can kinda go wherever
Lymph fluid is similar to ___. It is ____
Plasma. It is colorless
The chemical composition of lymph is ALWAYS the same T/F
False
Another name for lymphatic capillaries
Terminal lymphatics
Lymphatic capillaries are the ____ vessels
Smallest
What are the capillary walls made of (type of tissue)
Endothelial
Fluid can leave a lymphatic capillary T/F
False
Lymphatic capillaries are _____ ended
dead ended
What connects lymphatic endothelium to other tissues
Protein filaments
Gaps in lymphatic endothelium are ___ to allow ___
Gaps are big to allow bacteria in
Name the three layers of the larger lymphatic vessels
Tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
The vessels that collect fluid eventually end up in
Lymph nodes
Why is the smooth muscle of the lymphatic vessels so important
It can self-contract to move fluid along the body
Lymphatic vessels drain into __
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic trunks drain into ___
Collecting ducts
Lymphatic vessels drain into lymphatic trunks that drain into collecting ducts. There are two collecting ducts. Name them
Right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct
The right lymphatic duct is a collecting duct associated with what part of the body
The right head, arm, and chest
The thoracic lymphatic duct is a collecting duct associated with what part of the body
Everything that is not the right head arm or chest
Where does the thoracic lymphatic duct originate
A sac in the abdomen called the cisterna chyli
Where do lymphatic collecting ducts end up draining into
R. and L. subclavian veins
Thoracic collecting duct =
Left
right lymphatic duct =
Right
Name 3 forces that help lymph flow through the body
- Skeletal muscle pump 2. Arterial pulsation 3. Thoracic pressure differences
Lymphatic fluid moves faster than veins T/F
False
Name the 3 major lymphatic cells
Natural killer cells (innate), T lymphocytes (adaptive), B Lymphocytes (adaptive)
T lymphocytes mature in the
Thymus
B lymphocytes mature in the
Red bone marrow
B lymphocytes produce
antibodies
Macrophages work with the B lymphocytes as
Antigen presenting cells
What is an antigen presenting cell
It tells the immune cells what and where they need to attack exactly
Dendritic cells are located (3)
Right under the skin, mucus membranes, and in lymphatic organs
Reticular cells are there for
Structure and support
What is MALT
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue
MALT is found in
Mucous membranes
Lymphatic nodules are
dense patches of lymphatic tissues that congregate in response to pathogens
Where are lymphatic nodules always found
Lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix
Lymphatic nodule are dense patches of lymphatic tissues. Payers patches are lymphatic nodules found in the
Small intestine
What defines a lymphatic organ
A well-defined, stable location with a connective tissue capsule
What are the two primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow and the thymus
What are the three secondary lymphatic organs
Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes
Red bone marrow makes B-Lymphocytes are drops them off in the
Sinusoid of bone marrow
Thymus is also a part of the
Endocrine system
The thymus has a fibrous capsule. This capsule releases something called ____ that divided the thymus into lobes
Trabeculae (septa)
The thymus has an inner and an outer. What are they called
The cortex and the medulla
What adaptive cell hangs of in the thymus
T-Lymphocytes
Immature t-lymphocytes enter into the cortex. What prevents them from entering the medulla if they are not ready
The reticular epithelial cells
If t-lymphocytes prove that they might attack cells from its own body, what stops it from entering the blood stream
The reticular cells form the blood-thymus barrier
Lymph nodes have 2 functions. What are they
Clean lymph fluid and to house T and B cells
What is a hilum of the lymph node
The concave exit path where EFFERENT vessels leave
Do AFFERENT vessels enter through the hilum
NOPE EFFERENT exit through the hilum
Lymph nodes are enclosed by a _____
fibrous capsule
What is the name for a structure divides the thymus and the lymph nodes into their separate lobes
trabeculae
What is the parenchyma of the lymph node
The functional tissue. The tissues of the cortex and medulla
Germinal centers are where ____ multiply and differentiate
B-Cells
The germinal center is apart of the cortex/medulla
Cortex
What is the umbrella term for diseases of the lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
What is a swollen lymph node called (bc its responding to an antigen)
Lymphadenitis
Lymph nodules are tissue clusters. Lymph nodes are organs. Where can you find lymph nodules
MALT, tonsils, appendix, peyers patches
Metastasis is when cancer clumps enter the lymphatic vessels and travel through the body. How do you know if a lymph node is swollen bc of this or bc of infection
A lymph node with a cancer cell will be hard
Why do lymph nodes swell when you have an infection
They are filling with B-lymphocytes
A secondary lymphatic organ is the tonsils. They have ____ that are lined with nodules
Tonsillar crypts
What is it called when you get tonsillitis and need to get your tonsils removed
Tonsillectomy
There are three main sets of tonsils. Where are they
palatine (back of mouth); lingual (root of tongue); pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids by nose)
What tonsil gets infected most often
Adenoids aka pharyngeal tonsil
Another secondary lymphatic organ is the spleen. Where is the spleen
By the stomach. Upper left
The parenchyma of the spleen is the tissue of the spleen. What are the two types of parenchyma
Red pulp and white pulp
White pulp is
Lymphocytes, macrophages etc
Red Pulp is
sinuses with rbc
Spleen major function is to
Filter blood
The spleen can filter blood and can also regulate its volume. Yes
Yes
Your body has three lines of defense to a pathogen. What is the first one
Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
What is the second line of defense
Nonspecific defenses like leukocytes and macrophages, NK cells
What is the third line of defense
Adaptive immune cells
First line of defense includes skin. Why do things not grow on the skin
It is dry and has no nutrients
What is the acid mantle of skin
A thin film of lactic and fatty acids that stop bacterial growth
The skin has peptides that kill microbes. What are they called
Dermicidin, defensins, cathelicidins
Mucous membranes serve what function
Trap pathogens. MALT
Neutrophils kill using
Phagocytosis and killer bacterial cloud
What do lysozymes do
They destroy bacterial cell walls
Eosinophils are especially found in
Mucous membranes
Eosinophils guard against
Parasites and allergens
How do eosinophils kill parasites
By releasing toxic chemicals
Eosinophils can also phagocytize
Antigen antibody complex
