Lymphatic and Hematology Flashcards
A reduction in the total circulating red cell mass or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
Anemia
Name the four common causes of anemia
Blood loss (acute or chronic), impaired erthrocyte production, increased erythrocyte destruction, combination
A decreased plasma volume from dehydratoin such as less water intake, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive use of diuretics with a normal red blood cell mass may indicate a…
relative polycythemia
Anisocytosis erythrocytes
assuming various sizes
poikilocytsosis erythrocytes
assuming various shapes
The main manifestation of anemia is a
reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia
Reduced oxygen levels in the blood causing dilation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, thus leading to decreased vascular resistance and increased flow which contribute to an INCREASE in heart rate AND stroke volume
hypoxemia
Red blood cell destruction
hemolysis
What is the initial compensatory mechanism in acute hemorrhage?
peripheral blood vessel constriction diverting blood flow to vital organs
A normocytic-normochromic anemia caused by acute blood loss
posthemorrhagic anemia
The major cause of acute blood loss is?
trauma
In severe blood loss what happens to the circulating cells?
More immature cells enter circulation
What deficiency is likely to be noted in chronic blood loss?
iron deficiency
What is the most common anemia of diminished red blood cell production?
macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia
This type of anemia is characterized by abnormally large erythroid precursors in the marrow that mature into large erythrocytes.
Megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia
What are the main causes of megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia?
nutritional deficiencies of vitamin B12 or folic acid
In megaloblstic anemias the cells have (blank) maturing nuclei but have (blank) maturing cytoplasm causing “nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony”
slow maturing nuclei and normal maturing cytoplasm
Defective erythrocytes that die prematurely lending to the megaloblastic anemia
eryptosis
Why do alcoholics often become anemic?
Alcohol interferes with folate metabolism in the liver
In addition to anemia what does folate deficiency do to a fetus?
neural tube defects
A deficiency of folate also is implicated in the development of cancers, specifically
colorectal
Specific symptoms of this anemia include severe cheilosis (scales and fissures of the lips and corners of the mouth), stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), and painful ulcerations of the buccal mucosa and tongue (like in burning mouth syndrome)
folate defiency anemia
This category of anemia is characterized by abnormally small erythrocytes that contain unusually reduced amounts of hemoglobin.
microcytic-hypochromic anemia
The most common nutritional disorder of microcytic hypochromic anemia world wide is?
Iron deficiency anemia
A mild to moderate anemia resulting from decreased erythropiesis and impaired iron utilization in individuals with conditions of chronic systemic disease or inflammation
Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
A hematopoietic failure or bone marrow aplasia characterized by reduction in the effective production of mature cells by the bone marrow, causing peripheral pancytopenia, which is a reduction or absence of all three blood cell types.
Aplastic anemia
A condition associated with aplastic anemia in which only the erythrocytes are affected. It is associated with autoimmune, viral and neoplastic disorders, renal failure, SLE, and a complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
Pure red cell aplasia PRCA
A rare genetic anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from defects in DNA repair.
Fanconi anemia
A premature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes either episodically or continuously.
Hemolytic anemias
A large majority of hemolytic anemias occur in within phagocytes in lymphoid tissue called
extravascular hemolysis
Less common is a hemolytic anemia occurring in blood vessels caused by mechanical injury known as
intravascular hemolysis
This type of hemolytic anemia is caused by a genetic defect that is manifested by complement mediated hemolysis
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Acquired disorders caused by autoantibodies or complement, or both, on red cells against antigens normally on the surface of erythrocytes
Immunohemolytic anemias or autioimmune hemolytic anemias
A form of immune hemolytic anemia usually resulting from an allergic reaction against foreign antigens like antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, and hydrocortisone
Drug induced hemolytic anemia
Excessive red blood cell production is classified as
polycythemia
A unique feature of polycythemia vera that is helpful in diagnosis is the development of
intense itching that is worsened by heat or exposure to water
A common inherited autosommal recessive disorder of iron metabolism and is characterized by increased gastrointestinal iron absorption with subsequent tissue iron deposition
hereditary hemochromatosis
Diffuse hemorrhage into skin tissues that is visible through the skin and causes a red-purple discoloration is identified as
purpura
A disease that results in spontaneous clotting due to either genetic disorders or acquired disease oc clotting are known collectively as
thromboembolic disease
A platelet count less than 150,000
thrombocytopenia
What is pseudothrombocytopenia and how does it occur?
When you get a false thrombocytopenia lab value due to the platelets in the lab sample becoming nonspecifically agglutinated due to the blood bank perservative
An immune mediated adverse drug reaction caused by IgG antibodies against the heparin platelet factor 4
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
This occurs when the mother does NOT have ITP, but makes IgG antibodies against an antigen inherited from the father and found on fetal platelets but not on maternal platelets.
neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
This is characterized by the concomitant occurrence of often severe thrombocytopenia and thrombotic microangiopathy in which platelets aggregate and cause occlusion of arterioles and capillaries within the microcirculation
Thrombotic thrombcytopenic purpura (TTP)
This form of TTP is seen in children and occurs at approximately 3 week intervals that are responsive to treatment
Familial chronic relapsing TTP
A chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by excessive platelet production resulting from a defect in bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitor cells
essential (primary) thrombocythemia (ET)
This is characterized by unilateral or bilateral warm, congested, red hands and feet with painful burning sensations particularly in the fore foot sole, and one or more toes and is a complication of ET
Erythromelalgia
True of false bleeding and clotting can exist simultaenously?
true
Identification of the Philadelphia chromosome ins recommended in all cases of ET BECAUSE
it can be mistaken for CML
Inflammation of the blood vessels as well as vessel damage, activates platelets which in turn activates the coagulation cascade
vasculitis
Which clotting factor is the most sensitive to liver damage?
Factor VII
In conditions of severe liver disease circulating levels of most clotting factors are significantly
depressed
An acquired clinical syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation resulting in formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels through the body and can lead to multiple organ failure
DIC
What is the most common condition associated with DIC?
Sepsis
A patient presenting with bleeding at three or more unrelated sites most likely have
DIC
Virchow traid
injury to blood vessel endothelium, abnormalities of blood flow, hypercoagulability of the blood
