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Pathophysiology; McCance and Huether 8th addition > Lymphatic and Hematology > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

A reduction in the total circulating red cell mass or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

A

Anemia

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2
Q

Name the four common causes of anemia

A

Blood loss (acute or chronic), impaired erthrocyte production, increased erythrocyte destruction, combination

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3
Q

A decreased plasma volume from dehydratoin such as less water intake, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive use of diuretics with a normal red blood cell mass may indicate a…

A

relative polycythemia

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4
Q

Anisocytosis erythrocytes

A

assuming various sizes

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5
Q

poikilocytsosis erythrocytes

A

assuming various shapes

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6
Q

The main manifestation of anemia is a

A

reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia

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7
Q

Reduced oxygen levels in the blood causing dilation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, thus leading to decreased vascular resistance and increased flow which contribute to an INCREASE in heart rate AND stroke volume

A

hypoxemia

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8
Q

Red blood cell destruction

A

hemolysis

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9
Q

What is the initial compensatory mechanism in acute hemorrhage?

A

peripheral blood vessel constriction diverting blood flow to vital organs

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10
Q

A normocytic-normochromic anemia caused by acute blood loss

A

posthemorrhagic anemia

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11
Q

The major cause of acute blood loss is?

A

trauma

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12
Q

In severe blood loss what happens to the circulating cells?

A

More immature cells enter circulation

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13
Q

What deficiency is likely to be noted in chronic blood loss?

A

iron deficiency

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14
Q

What is the most common anemia of diminished red blood cell production?

A

macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia

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15
Q

This type of anemia is characterized by abnormally large erythroid precursors in the marrow that mature into large erythrocytes.

A

Megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia

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16
Q

What are the main causes of megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia?

A

nutritional deficiencies of vitamin B12 or folic acid

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17
Q

In megaloblstic anemias the cells have (blank) maturing nuclei but have (blank) maturing cytoplasm causing “nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony”

A

slow maturing nuclei and normal maturing cytoplasm

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18
Q

Defective erythrocytes that die prematurely lending to the megaloblastic anemia

A

eryptosis

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19
Q

Why do alcoholics often become anemic?

A

Alcohol interferes with folate metabolism in the liver

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20
Q

In addition to anemia what does folate deficiency do to a fetus?

A

neural tube defects

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21
Q

A deficiency of folate also is implicated in the development of cancers, specifically

A

colorectal

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22
Q

Specific symptoms of this anemia include severe cheilosis (scales and fissures of the lips and corners of the mouth), stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), and painful ulcerations of the buccal mucosa and tongue (like in burning mouth syndrome)

A

folate defiency anemia

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23
Q

This category of anemia is characterized by abnormally small erythrocytes that contain unusually reduced amounts of hemoglobin.

A

microcytic-hypochromic anemia

24
Q

The most common nutritional disorder of microcytic hypochromic anemia world wide is?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

25
Q

A mild to moderate anemia resulting from decreased erythropiesis and impaired iron utilization in individuals with conditions of chronic systemic disease or inflammation

A

Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)

26
Q

A hematopoietic failure or bone marrow aplasia characterized by reduction in the effective production of mature cells by the bone marrow, causing peripheral pancytopenia, which is a reduction or absence of all three blood cell types.

A

Aplastic anemia

27
Q

A condition associated with aplastic anemia in which only the erythrocytes are affected. It is associated with autoimmune, viral and neoplastic disorders, renal failure, SLE, and a complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

A

Pure red cell aplasia PRCA

28
Q

A rare genetic anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from defects in DNA repair.

A

Fanconi anemia

29
Q

A premature accelerated destruction of erythrocytes either episodically or continuously.

A

Hemolytic anemias

30
Q

A large majority of hemolytic anemias occur in within phagocytes in lymphoid tissue called

A

extravascular hemolysis

31
Q

Less common is a hemolytic anemia occurring in blood vessels caused by mechanical injury known as

A

intravascular hemolysis

32
Q

This type of hemolytic anemia is caused by a genetic defect that is manifested by complement mediated hemolysis

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

33
Q

Acquired disorders caused by autoantibodies or complement, or both, on red cells against antigens normally on the surface of erythrocytes

A

Immunohemolytic anemias or autioimmune hemolytic anemias

34
Q

A form of immune hemolytic anemia usually resulting from an allergic reaction against foreign antigens like antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, and hydrocortisone

A

Drug induced hemolytic anemia

35
Q

Excessive red blood cell production is classified as

A

polycythemia

36
Q

A unique feature of polycythemia vera that is helpful in diagnosis is the development of

A

intense itching that is worsened by heat or exposure to water

37
Q

A common inherited autosommal recessive disorder of iron metabolism and is characterized by increased gastrointestinal iron absorption with subsequent tissue iron deposition

A

hereditary hemochromatosis

38
Q

Diffuse hemorrhage into skin tissues that is visible through the skin and causes a red-purple discoloration is identified as

A

purpura

39
Q

A disease that results in spontaneous clotting due to either genetic disorders or acquired disease oc clotting are known collectively as

A

thromboembolic disease

40
Q

A platelet count less than 150,000

A

thrombocytopenia

41
Q

What is pseudothrombocytopenia and how does it occur?

A

When you get a false thrombocytopenia lab value due to the platelets in the lab sample becoming nonspecifically agglutinated due to the blood bank perservative

42
Q

An immune mediated adverse drug reaction caused by IgG antibodies against the heparin platelet factor 4

A

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

43
Q

This occurs when the mother does NOT have ITP, but makes IgG antibodies against an antigen inherited from the father and found on fetal platelets but not on maternal platelets.

A

neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

44
Q

This is characterized by the concomitant occurrence of often severe thrombocytopenia and thrombotic microangiopathy in which platelets aggregate and cause occlusion of arterioles and capillaries within the microcirculation

A

Thrombotic thrombcytopenic purpura (TTP)

45
Q

This form of TTP is seen in children and occurs at approximately 3 week intervals that are responsive to treatment

A

Familial chronic relapsing TTP

46
Q

A chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by excessive platelet production resulting from a defect in bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitor cells

A

essential (primary) thrombocythemia (ET)

47
Q

This is characterized by unilateral or bilateral warm, congested, red hands and feet with painful burning sensations particularly in the fore foot sole, and one or more toes and is a complication of ET

A

Erythromelalgia

48
Q

True of false bleeding and clotting can exist simultaenously?

A

true

49
Q

Identification of the Philadelphia chromosome ins recommended in all cases of ET BECAUSE

A

it can be mistaken for CML

50
Q

Inflammation of the blood vessels as well as vessel damage, activates platelets which in turn activates the coagulation cascade

A

vasculitis

51
Q

Which clotting factor is the most sensitive to liver damage?

A

Factor VII

52
Q

In conditions of severe liver disease circulating levels of most clotting factors are significantly

A

depressed

53
Q

An acquired clinical syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation resulting in formation of fibrin clots in medium and small vessels through the body and can lead to multiple organ failure

A

DIC

54
Q

What is the most common condition associated with DIC?

A

Sepsis

55
Q

A patient presenting with bleeding at three or more unrelated sites most likely have

A

DIC

56
Q

Virchow traid

A

injury to blood vessel endothelium, abnormalities of blood flow, hypercoagulability of the blood

Pathophysiology; McCance and Huether 8th addition (5 decks)

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