Lymphatic and Endocrine Systems / Hormonal Responses to Exercise Flashcards
functions of the lymphatic system
1) Destruction of bacteria and other foreign substances present in lymph nodes
2) Specific immune responses that aid in manufacturing antibodies to destroy bacteria and foreign substances
3) The return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
4) Prevention of excessive accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins by drainage into highly permeable lymphatic capillaries in the connective tissues
Lymph fluid is similar to blood except that it does not contain…
red blood cells and platelets
what the lymphatic system prevents
edema - swelling of intercellular spaces
the system that is responsible for regulating bodily activities through the production of hormones
endocrine system
often referred to as the “master gland” due to its regulatory effect on other glands and its importance in controlling many diverse bodily functions
pituitary gland
the pituitary gland is divided into these two lobes
posterior and anterior
hormone that is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
vasopressin
reduces urinary excretion of water and prevents dehydration
vasopressin
the six hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Mneumonic: FLTAGP - Fresh Lettuce Tops Angus Grassfed Patties
Follide-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin
referred to as gonadotropins because of their effects on the gonads; control the secretion of estrogen and testosterone
follide-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
stimulates synthesis and release of thyroxine which helps control the rate of oxygen utilization
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
1) controls the secretion in the adrenal gland hormones that influence metabolism of carbohydrates, sodium, and potassium
2) controls the rate at which substances are exchanged between the blood and tissues
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
1) stimulates the growth of the skeletal system and also general growth
2) promotes the entrance of amino acids into the body’s cells for their incorporation into protein and releases fatty acids into the blood for use as energy
3) promotes the formation of glucose and its release into the blood
growth hormone (GH)
involved in the initiation and maintenance of breast-milk production and secretion in females
prolactin
the three hormones release by the thyroid gland
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
released by the thyroid to regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and lipids, thereby increasing the body’s oxygen consumption and heat production
thyroxine and triiodothryronine
released by the thyroid to lower blood calcium and phosphate levels by accelerating the absorption of calcium by the bones
calcitonin
the 5 major endocrine glands
1) pituitary
2) thyroid
3) parathyroids
4) adrenals
5) pancreas
hormone released by the parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone
hormone that raises plasma calcium levels and lowers blood phosphate levels
parathyroid hormone
hormones released by the adrenal glands
epinephrine, norepinephrine, mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
the two distinct parts of the adrenal glands
medulla (inner portion) and cortex (outer portion)
the two hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
the two hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
affects carbohydrate metabolism and generally promoting hyperglycemia; constricts vessels in skin, mucous membranes, and kidneys; dilates vessels in skeletal muscle
epinephrine
increases heart rate and force of contraction of the myocardium; constricts blood vessels in most areas of the body
norepinephrine
promotes reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium in the kidneys
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown; aids in the utilization of glucose and mobilization of fatty acids
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
this gland lies just below the stomach and its role is to produce digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism
pancreas
causes the liver and muscle cells to uptake glucose and store it in the form of glycogen which decreases blood sugar levels and is considered hypoglycemic; encourages fat cells to take on blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides; also has other anabolic effects on the body
insulin
causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream; increases blood sugar levels and is considered hyperglycemic
glucagon
synthesized in the liver as a result of growth hormone during exercise
insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2)
vasopressin is also called this
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
acts to limit sodium excretion in the urine to maintain electrolyte balance during exercise
aldosterone
the absence of menstruation
amenorrhea
term used for epinephrine and norepinephrine
catecholamines
T/F: Catecholamine output declines significantly during the first several weeks of submaximal endurance training.
True
Catecholamines response to endurance training
decreased secretion at rest and at the same absolute exercise intensity after training
Cortisol response to endurance training
slight elevation during exercise
Insulin response to endurance training
Increased sensitivity to insulin; normal decrease in insulin during exercise greatly reduced with training
Glucagon response to endurance training
Smaller increase in glucose levels during exercise at absolute and relative workloads
Growth hormone response to endurance training
No effect on resting values; less dramatic rise during exercise
