Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

1) liquid component of blood

2) responsible for carrying hormones, plasma proteins, food materials, ions, and gases

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

Categories of Blood Vessels

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Answer 2

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, and venules

Question 3

hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque accumulation

Answer 3

Arteriosclerosis

Question 4

allow the exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid between the cells

Answer 4

capillaries

Question 5

1) serves as a pump that pushes the blood through the body

2) located between the lungs and lies left of center behind the sternum

Answer 5

heart

Question 6

four chambers of the heart

Answer 6

right and left ventricles, right and left atria

Question 7

the muscular wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart; prevents mixing of blood from the two sides of the heart

Answer 7

interventricular septum

Question 8

the movement of blood through the heart

Answer 8

from the atria (receiving chambers) to the ventricles (propulsion chambers) to the arteries

Question 9

backflow from the arteries into the ventricles is prevented by these two valves

Answer 9

pulmonary semilunar valve (right ventricle) and aortic semilunar valve (left ventricle)

Question 10

right side of the heart receives CO2 rich blood which is pushed into the lungs where the CO2 is released for oxygen

Answer 10

pulmonary circuit

Question 11

left side of the heart receives the newly oxygenated blood and pumps it to the various tissues of the body via the arteries

Answer 11

systemic circuit

Question 12

the period from the beginning of one heart to the beginning of the next

Answer 12

cardiac cycle

Question 13

contraction phase of the cardiac cycle where blood leaves the ventricles

Answer 13

systole

Question 14

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle where blood fills the ventricles

Answer 14

diastole

Question 15

Upper and lower respiratory pathways

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Answer 15

Nasal Septum, Pharynx, Larynx. Trachea, Lobes (Superior, Middle, Inferior), Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary), Bronchioles, Alveoli

Question 16

throat; where air passes through and is warmed

Answer 16

pharynx

Question 17

“Adam’s apple”

Answer 17

larynx

Question 18

air breathed per minute 1) at rest, 2) exercise

Answer 18

1) 5-6 liters

2) 20-30 liters

Question 19

number of alveoli in the lungs which provide an enormous area for gas exchange

Answer 19

300 million

Question 20

1) space that separates the two lungs

2) contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and part of the trachea

Answer 20

mediastinum

Question 21

most important muscle of inspiration upon which the lungs rest on top of; considered the only skeletal muscle essential for life

Answer 21

diaphragm

Question 22

the 3 basic processes that must interact to provide adequate blood and nutrients to the tissues

Answer 22

1) getting oxygen into the blood (pulmonary circuit)
2) delivering oxygen to the active tissues (cardiac output)
3) extracting oxygen from the blood to complete the metabolic production of ATP

Question 23

the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is determined primarily by 2 variables

Answer 23

1) ability to adequately ventilate the alveoli in the lungs

2) the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the blood

Question 24

protein in the blood cells that is adapted to bond with (i.e., carry) oxygen molecules

Answer 24

hemoglobin

Question 25

reduction of red blood cells and/or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood below normal values; causes an individual to fatigue easily

Answer 25

anemia

Question 26

heart rate (beats per minute) X stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per heartbeat)

Answer 26

cardiac output

Question 27

these muscle fibers are adapted for oxygen extraction and utilization due to their high levels of oxidative enzymes

Answer 27

slow-twitch muscle fibers

Question 28

where aerobic production of ATP takes place

Answer 28

mitochondria of the cells