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MTC 3- Immunology > Lymph, Spleen, Thymus > Flashcards

Lymph, Spleen, Thymus Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph is extra fluid that is not taken up by the capillary bed; it is (cell-rich / cell-poor) fluid

A

Lymph is extra fluid that is not taken up by the capillary bed; it is cell-poor –> there are sometimes WBCs present but not many

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2
Q

Lymph is normally clear but may be white in the regions draining the _

A

Lymph is normally clear but may be white in the regions draining the small intestine

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3
Q

_ bring more fluid into the capillaries than _ can drain, generating the lymph

A

Arterioles bring more fluid into the capillaries than venules can drain, generating the lymph

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4
Q

Lymph nodes are made up of aggregates of _

A

Lymph nodes are made up of aggregates of B cells and T cells; functions to filter the lymph and orchestrate immune responses

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5
Q

How does lymph move and prevent backflow?

A

Lymph is carried via lymphatic vessels throughout the body to the nodes
* Valves prevent backflow
* Peristalsis (smooth muscle contraction) helps it move

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6
Q

Identify components

A

S= subcapsular sinus
F= follicles
P= paracortex

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7
Q

What is the function of the labeled structure

A

This shows a lymphatic vessel with a valve- the valve prevents backflow of lymph

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8
Q

Identify this

A

This is a lymphatic vessel found in muscle

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9
Q

The right lymphatic duct collects _

A

The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from right arm and right half of face, neck, chest, back

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10
Q

The right thoracic duct empties into _

A

The right thoracic duct empties into right subclavian vein

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11
Q

The majority of lymph (from left upper body and the entire lower body) drains into _

A

The majority of lymph (from left upper body and the entire lower body) drains into thoracic duct
* Thoracic duct later drains into left subclavian vein

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12
Q

Cysterna chyli is a sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct that collects _

A

Cysterna chyli is a sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct that collects fatty milky-white lymph from the gut

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13
Q

Identify features of the lymph node

A
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14
Q

Macrophages originate in the _ and mature in the _

A

Macrophages originate in the bone marrow and mature in the connective tissue

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15
Q

What does the Pp structure tell us about this macrophage?

A

Pp = pseudopodia or “filopodia” which is a ruffled boarder that can be seen when the macrophage is active

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16
Q

Name the structures that tell us this is an active macrophage

A

Active macrophages have:
* Pseudopodia
* Phagocytic vacules
* Lysosomes
* Mitochondria
* Residual bodies
* They also have a kidney-shaped or horseshoe shaped nucleus

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17
Q

What are 3 main functions of macrophages

A

Macrophages:
1. Phagocytosis to remove large particulate matter
2. Assist with immune response by presenting antigens to T lymphocytes
3. Secrete substances to assist in wound healing

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18
Q

Identify the cells depicted

A

B lymphocyte –> plasma cell

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19
Q

How can we identify plasma cell?

A

Plasma cell features:
* Clockface nucleus (heterochromatin)
* Basophilic
* Halo due to the golgi (pale area)

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20
Q

The B cells are concentrated at _ region of lymph node

A

The B cells are concentrated at cortex region of lymph node

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21
Q

The T cells are concentrated at the _

A

The T cells are concentrated at the paracortex
* Called the “thymus-dependent region”

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22
Q

Primary follicle contains _
Secondary follicle contains _

A

Primary follicle contains small, naive B cells
Secondary follicle has been exposed to antigen and is prepared to fight infection

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23
Q

(Primary/ secondary) follicles contain a mantle zone and germinal center

A

Secondary follicles contain a mantle zone and germinal center

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24
Q

(Mantle zone/ germinal center) is composed of cells that are ready to fight off infection; cells are loosely packed

A

Germinal center is composed of cells that are ready to fight off infection; cells are loosely packed

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25
Mantle zone is composed of _
**Mantle zone** is composed of small normal B cells that are closely packed
26
The _ is a special venule that will recognize T and B cells and pull them out of the bloodstream and into the lymphatic
The **high endothelial venule** is a special venule that will recognize T and B cells and pull them out of the bloodstream and into the lymphatic
27
This process of moving WBCs between the endothelial cells to exit the vascular system into the interstitium of the lymph is called _
This process of moving WBCs between the endothelial cells to exit the vascular system into the interstitium of the lymph is called **diapedesis** * Carried out by *high endothelial venules* * After this happens the WBCs get sorted; B cells to follicles, T cells in paracortex
28
The high endothelial venules are found in the _ region
The high endothelial venules are found in the **paracortex**
29
High endothelial venules are uniquely made up of _ cells
High endothelial venules are uniquely made up of **simple cuboidal epithelium**
30
What are the structures marked V?
High endothelial venules
31
After the T/B cells get pulled into the lymph via the high endothelial venules, they will later rejoin the circulation via the _
After the T/B cells get pulled into the lymph via the high endothelial venules, they will later rejoin the circulation via the **efferent lymphatic vessel** as *efferent lymph*
32
_ are columns of B cells, plasma cells, and macrophages
**Medullary cords** are columns of B cells, plasma cells, and macrophages
33
_ are "vessels" in between the medullary cords; allows lymphocytes to flow through and exit the lymph node
**Medullary sinus** are "vessels" in between the medullary cords; allows lymphocytes to flow through and exit the lymph node
34
Identify medullary cords and sinus
35
What is the pathway of lymphatic flow?
1. Afferent lymphatic vessels 2. Subcapsular sinuses 3. Peritrabecular sinuses 4. Medullary sinuses 5. Efferent lymphatic vessel
36
What is the function of structures MC and MS?
37
What cells do we see here in the medullary sinus?
Incoming lymphocytes Macrophages
38
39
What is the flow of blood through the lymph node?
1. Artery (hilum) 2. Arterioles 3. Capillary bed 4. Venule 5. Vein (hilum)
40
What is the "hilum"?
**Hilum** is just the region where blood vessels enter and leave
41
The primary lymphoid organs are _ The secondary lymphoid organs are _
The primary lymphoid organs are **bone marrow, thymus** The secondary lymphoid organs are **lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, MALT**
42
Which thymus is adult and which is infant?
Adult thymus is infiltrated with **adipose tissue**
43
What is the function of Hassall's corpuscle
**Hassall's corpuscle** has an unknown function; but tells us that this is the **thymus** and we are in the **medulla** * They are layered concentric collections of kertatinized epithelial reticular cells * Once we identify the thymus, we can identify that we are looking at T lymphocytes
44
T cells migrate from _ to _ and undergo _ along the way
T cells migrate from **cortex** to **medulla** and undergo **apoptosis** along the way * Many of the unfit T cells are dying along the way
45
Identify the tissue and cells
Tissue: thymus medulla Epithelial cells: abundant in the medulla T cells: basophilic
46
What are the three components of the blood-thymus barrier?
Blood thymus barrier: 1. Capillary endothelium and basal lamina 2. Perivascular connective tissue (macrophages) 3. Epithelial reticular cells and basal lamina
47
The purpose of the blood-thymus barrier is to make sure that antigens in the _ don't reach the _
The purpose of the **blood-thymus barrier** is to make sure that antigens in the **bloodstream** don't reach the **developing T cells in the cortex**
48
What happens to T cell that strongly bind self-antigen?
Apoptosis
49
What happens to T cells that weakly bind self-antigen
They pass the test and move on to the circulation/ periphery
50
What happens to T cells that have intermediate binding to self-antigen?
They become Treg cells
51
VDJ recombination of T cells occurs in _ region of the thymus
VDJ recombination of T cells occurs in **subcapsular space** region of the thymus
52
T cells undergo positive selection in _ region of the thymus
T cells undergo positive selection in **cortex** of the thymus
53
T cells undergo negative selection in _ region of the thymus
T cells undergo negative selection in **medulla** of the thymus
54
_ involves an abnormal development of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches which leads to a congenital absence of the thymus and parathyroid glands
**DiGeorge Syndrome** involves an abnormal development of the 3rd and 4th *pharyngeal pouches* which leads to a congenital **absence of the thymus and parathyroid glands**
55
What does the immune system look like in a patient with DiGeorge syndrome
**Abnormal cell-mediate immunity** (lack of thymus = lack of T cells) & *Relatively normal* humoral immunity
56
Complete DiGeorge means _
"Complete" DiGeorge means **you do not have a thymus at all and do not have any T cells**
57
A consequence of DiGeorge syndrome is low _ due to lack of parathyroid --> leads to tetany
A consequence of DiGeorge syndrome is **low calcium** due to lack of parathyroid --> leads to tetany
58
DiGeorge syndrome is associted with a microdeletion of chromosome _
DiGeorge syndrome is associted with a microdeletion of chromosome **22** **CATCH 22**: Cardiac defects Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cleft palate Hypocalcemia
59
What are the functions of the spleen?
Spleen: * Filters blood and removes old RBCs/ platelets * Stores T and B cells * Stores platelets * Fetal spleen has hematopoiesis
60
The red pulp carries out the (filter/ storage) function of the spleen
The **red pulp** carries out the **filter** function of the spleen * Takes up most of the spleen * Filters RBCs * Involved in lymphocyte development
61
The white pulp carries out the (filter/ storage) function of the spleen
The white pulp carries out the **storage** function of the spleen
62
Identify the tissue
Spleen
63
What is the pathway of blood through the spleen?
1. Splenic artery 2. Trabecular artery 3. Central artery 4. Penicillar artery 5. Splenic sinusoids/ cords
64
The central artery is covered by _ and this is in the white pulp
The central artery is covered by **periarteriolar lymphoid sheath** and is in the white pulp
65
The splenic follicles are in the (white/red) pulp
The splenic follicles are in the **white pulp**
66
The periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) forms a sheath around the central arteriole and contains _ cells
The **periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)** forms a sheath around the central arteriole and contains **T cells** * These T cells are removing invaders in the blood
67
Splenic follicles are in the white pulp and contain mostly _ cells
**Splenic follicles** are in the *white pulp* and contain mostly **B cells** * Making antibodies * We have a germinal center, mantle zone, and marginal zone
68
The germinal center of the follicles in the spleen contain _ cells
The germinal center of the follicles in the spleen contain **activated B cells**
69
The mantle zone of the follicles in the spleen contain _ cells
The mantle zone of the follicles in the spleen contain **resting B cells**
70
The marginal zone is the first site where splenic cells make contact with the blood; what happens here?
**Marginal zone**: link between B cells and T cells * Circulating T and B cells are stored * Macrophages make contact with pathogens in the blood and present to T cells for removal
71
72
Splenic sinusoids are large, leaky capillaries formed by _ cells
**Splenic sinusoids** are large, leaky capillaries formed by **stave cells** * *The splenic sinusoids and splenic cords make up the red pulp (filter functions)*
73
_ is extravascular structure surrounding the sinusoids that contains plasma cells and macrophages
**Splenic cords** is extravascular structure surrounding the sinusoids that contains plasma cells and macrophages * *The splenic sinusoids and splenic cords make up the red pulp (filter functions)*
74
In open circulation, RBCs percolate through the splenic cords --> healthy RBCs _ and damaged ones _
In open circulation, RBCs percolate through the splenic cords --> healthy RBCs **re-enter closed circulation** and damaged ones **get phagocytoses**
75
76
What is the function of this structure?
Filtration
77
78
(Thymus/ spleen/ lymph nodes) have cortex and medulla
**Thymus** & **lymph nodes** have cortex and medulla
79
(Thymus/ spleen) has lymhoid follicles/nodules
**Spleen** has lymhoid follicles/nodules * So do lymph nodes
80
(Thymus/ spleen) has a hilum
**Spleen** has a hilum * So does lymph node

MTC 3- Immunology (8 decks)

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