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Infectious Diseases 1 > Lyme Disease > Flashcards

Lyme Disease Flashcards

1
Q

dead end host

A

a host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts
(infected human can’t transmit the disease to other unaffected ticks = level of bacteria circulating in blood = too low)

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2
Q

ecosystem service

A

the quantifiable services than an ecosystem provides to humans

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3
Q

lyme disease

A

zoonotic disease vectored by ticks - small mammals are the main reservoir species

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4
Q

what bacteria cause LD

A

spirochete bacteria

gram-negative

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5
Q

even though there are a number of animals hosts for the pathogen what is the main reservoir

A

mice

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6
Q

what is the vector for the disease

A

ticks

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7
Q

what do ticks need to do in their lives

A

need to malt between different life stages

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8
Q

what must a tick do to become infected

A

feed on an infected host (not human)

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9
Q

what are LD symptoms

A

within a few days: skin rash after bite
days/weeks: fatigue, chills, fever, headache, muscle/joint aches (due to inflammation), swollen lymph nodes, Bell’s Palsy
long term neurological problems: problems with concentration, short-term memory loss, severe arthritis/joint pain

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10
Q

what happens once the bacteria enter the BBB

A

enter the brain - harder to treat as harder to reach

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11
Q

what must happen for human outbreak of LD to occur

A

human must be bitten by infected ticks = need lots of ticks = need to feed on infected hosts

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12
Q

is LD treatable if so with what

A

the earlier you catch it the easier it is to treat - treated by antibiotics - not beta-lactam as gram-negative bacteria

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13
Q

what are vertebrate hosts for larval and nymphal ticks

A

rodents, lizards, birds

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14
Q

what are hosts for adult ticks

A

deer

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15
Q

how do you get infected by LD

A

bacteria found in salivary glands of a tick, enter the body at the site of the bite (compounds in ticks saliva = suppress the immune system), bacteria then migrate out of site of the bite

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16
Q

how would you recognize LD

A

distinctive rash - inflammatory response of the body

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17
Q

who has chronic LD

A

largely in people who have had LD - treated and no longer test positive = treatment worked but still have symptoms

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18
Q

what are 3 explanations of chronic LD

A
  1. hidden infection - (not positive)
  2. autoimmune response - (triggered by initial infection)
  3. something else (psychological factors/immune system problems)
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19
Q

what is the problem associated with chronic LD

A

no evidence: symptoms of chronic LD being caused by bacteria - people convinced of hidden infection = want treatment > long term antibiotics (evolution)

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20
Q

if you increase the awareness of a disease

A

people are more likely to get tested - as science develops, advanced way of testing = increase in no of cases

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21
Q

how and when did we discover LD

A

1921 - joint problems associated with ticks
1975 - cluster of cases of rashes/swollen joints in Lyme
1982 - bacteria discovered

22
Q

could the medical establishment do anything in regards to antibiotic misuse

A

cannot do anything to doctors even if they are harming the patient

23
Q

what is required for an increase in tick density

A

heavy acorn production > increase in mice and deer

24
Q

what happen in the 1960s

A

Watts riot LA (1965) and Detroit riot (1967) = people left city for suburbs - lots of farmland/contact with animals

25
what happen when there was a change in land use
reduction of predators = increase in deer = increase in tick density = increase in contact with ticks = LD outbreak
26
what are ticks and what do they do to survive
arthropods - malt between different life stages and feed on blood
27
are tick born infected
no but they maintain the infection between life stages
28
explain the tick life cycle
larvae hatch from eggs take meal > nymphs hatch take meal > adult takes meal
29
how do ticks detect good hosts
heat and CO2
30
adult ticks are noticeable but nymphs are not what is the danger
harder to detect to eye as they are tiny = can be infected
31
differences between LD on East/West Coast
1. different tick species 2. different host community 3. different timing of life cycle (2vs3)
32
why is the larval stage feeding the most important
one chance to pick up Borrelia infection before nymphal stage
33
what does the host for tick larval stage determine
nymphal infection prevalence
34
what feed are humans at risk
nymphal stage feeding
35
the risk to humans is determined by:
1. density of nymphal ticks 2. infection prevalence in nymphal ticks 3. human behaviour (walk through vegetation/animals bring back ticks)
36
describe the tick life cycle in the East coast
infected nymphs feed in spring = infect small birds and mammals larvae feed in summer = infected from previous year
37
describe the tick life cycle in the West coast
nymphs and larvae both feed in spring = reduce risk of LD - less infected
38
how can altering the host community affect the disease risk
can either increase (amplification) or decrease (dilution)
39
amplification
adding a species to a community increases the total abundance of hosts for a pathogen = increasing the disease risk to the target host
40
dilution
adding a species to a community decreases the abundance of competent hosts = decreasing the disease risk to the target host
41
competence (for hosts)
the efficiency with which a host acquires and spreads a pathogen
42
as humans move into an area
decrease in different species - community becomes simpler - easier for ticks to replicate (in the northeast more nymphs)
43
what happens in the east coast as other species are lost
white-footed mice do well are preferred host of the ticks = more ticks are a competent host = more infected ticks
44
what is reservoir competence
hosts differ in their efficiency at acquiring and spreading borrelia spirochete
45
which host is highly competent
mice
46
which host is somewhat competent
deer mouse
47
which host is totally incompetent
western fence lizard
48
are lizards good hosts
yes but not competent host
49
why are cases for LD so low in CA
lizards can't transmit the disease when an infected tick bites lizard = leaves uninfected = have complementary protein = destroys bacteria and cleanses tick of infection
50
what are some human behaviours that increase LD risk
leaning against a log carrying wood sitting on a log

Infectious Diseases 1 (4 decks)

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