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Infectious Diseases 1 > Cholera > Flashcards

Cholera Flashcards

1
Q

cholera

A

infectious disease transmitted to humans through the process of ingesting contaminated water or food

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2
Q

what bacteria causes cholera

A

bacterium Vibrio cholerae

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3
Q

what are reservoirs for Vibrio cholerae

A

aquatic environments - though it was humans

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4
Q

is cholera still a problem

A

current problem
2008-10-Zimbabwe
2010-11-Haiti (earthquake introduced cholera)
2016-present -Yemen (large epidemic - bombing targeted water treatment plans)

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5
Q

what are 3 factors that contribute to cholera

A
  1. poverty
  2. natural disaster
  3. war
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6
Q

what does vibrio cholerae do and describe its structure

A

induces an acute dehydrating diarrhea that can kill you in hours if fluids and salts are not replaced
(quite tolerant, not specific, toxin causes you to lose water from intestines, sudden onset, fatal)

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7
Q

humans are susceptible to dehydration

A

5% - stop what doing
10% - get to hospital
15% - dead

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8
Q

endemic

A

the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a geographic area (expect to see no. of cases in time)

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9
Q

epidemic

A

the occurrence in an area of a disease/illness in excess to what may be expected on the basis of past experience for a given population (no. increasing)

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10
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population

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11
Q

describe the transmission of cholera

A

quick from the onset - outcome *incubation period

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12
Q

what does the cholera infection risk depend on

A
  1. dose

2. neutralization of stomach acids

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13
Q

who are most at risk of cholera

A
  1. farmers, fisherman, laborers

2. poor and malnourished

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14
Q

the death of a patient from cholera represents a failure of healthcare

A

death from cholera is due to dehydration, loss of fluids/electrolytes = no special treatment/medicine - only fluids and electrolytes - if healthcare cannot provide this it has failed on the most basic service

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15
Q

how can we control cholera

A

handwashing facilities
correct disposal of waste
clean water supplies
basic culinary standards (food prep)

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16
Q

how do natural disasters lead to cholera

A

humans in huge densities, failed infrastructure = unable to provide adequate sanitation/water/supplies

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17
Q

what happened in the Bangladesh flooding

A

unable to keep water/sewage supplies separate

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18
Q

describe cholera in the Victorian era (1837-1901)

A

cholera spread easily = impacted/alarmed society
lots of people doing good - ignored those affected
cholera affected poor in society - blamed

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19
Q

Third Cholera Pandemic (1852-1860)

A

outbreaks in London - Broad Street outbreak investigated by John Snow was particularly deadly

20
Q

did people in the past know what cholera was and how it was caused

A

nobody knew what caused infectious diseases

21
Q

miasma theory

A

diseases were caused by miasma or bad air arising from organic decay, filth, or other environmental conditions

22
Q

what did Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) do

A

nurse - reduced mortality on the wards by removing water sewage that ran through the middle - emphasized the miasma theory

23
Q

why did we progress towards flush toilets and what problems did this cause

A

invented before towns and cities had sewage systems (didn’t need)
as towns got bigger - solid/wastes dumped in cesspits = overflowing&raquo_space; populisation of flush toilets = increase wate liquid in sewage // NO SEWAGE SYSTEM
layer of faeces - heats up - smell intolerable = put all waste into water = polluted waterways

24
Q

Great Stink (1858)

A

summer - the smell of untreated sewage almost cause the abandonment of the biggest city in the world

25
Q

how did Joseph Bazelgette (1819-1891) solve the great stink

A

created a sewage system - down towards the Thames

doubled diameter of pipes - advanced and lasted London until high rise buildings/ densities increased

26
Q

how can we put a sewage system in a low lying city - Chicago

A

raise the city

27
Q

what did John Snow (1813-1858) realise

A

knew breathing smell > lungs > respiratory system
effects of cholera observed on digestive tract
suspected miasma theory
suspected water supplies

28
Q

what was the difference between the water companies

A

got water from different sources

29
Q

what did John Snow do to investigate the cholera outbreak at Broad Street pump in Soho

A
  1. interview those affected by outbreak as well as those who did not become infected = traced to which water pumps people used
  2. focused investigation on water sources
  3. mapped areas near of well with no cases = discovered had independent water sources
30
Q

why did prisons and pubs have no cases of cholera

A

had own water pumps

31
Q

why were there some distant cases of cholera

A

people worked closer to pump / went to other ones due to cloudy/polluted water

32
Q

index case

A

the first disease case in an epidemic (patient zero)

33
Q

why was cholera thought to be caused by a living organism

A

could explain how multiplication could cause disease = accounted for the incubation period

34
Q

when was the golden age of microbiology and who made the biggest contributions

A

(1850-1890)
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

35
Q

Germ theory

A

disease caused by living organisms

36
Q

how did we discover germ theory

A 
beer sometimes good/spoilt batch - yeast carries out fermentation 
noticed rods (bacteria) in spoilt batch - multiplied = living organisms spolit beer - similarily in human body
37
Q

what is Koch’s Postulates

A

4 criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease

38
Q

what are Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease (but not in healthy organisms)
  2. microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture (practical difficulties)
  3. the cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism (ethical difficulties)
  4. the microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
39
Q

Epidemiology

A

the branch in medicine that deals with the study of causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations

40
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of cases in a given area at a designated time

41
Q

Incidence

A

the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a given population over a certain period of time (rate of increase in cases of a population)

42
Q

virulence

A

the relative ability of a microbe to cause harm

43
Q

epidemic curve

A

a histogram that describes an outbreak of disease by plotting the number of cases of disease by date of onset

44
Q

point source

A

infected from same source at same time (peak) - more clustered around source

45
Q

continuous source

A

rise with variation but continuous (scattered) - more clustered around source

46
Q

propagated source

A

infectious disease increase with time (time gaps = incubation period) (spread geographically from point of origin)

Infectious Diseases 1 (4 decks)

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