Lutheranism Flashcards
When was Martin Luther alive?
1483 -1546
What education had he undergone?
He went to the University of Erfurt
What order was he a Monk in?
The Augustinian Order
Where was he a teacher?
Wittenberg
What was he severely against?
Indulgence Selling
When was the Ninety Five Thesis posted?
1517
What did Diarmaid MacCulloch argue the posting symbolised?
The beginning of the Reformation process
What other debate did he establish to do with the indulgent selling?
The Leipzig Debate
When was the Leipzig Debate?
1519
Who was he involved with during the Leipzig Debate?
Johann Eck
What three treatises did he send letters to? (3)
- The Christian Nobility
- The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
- The Freedom of a Christian
When was the three treatises proposed?
1520
What happened in 1521?
The Diet of Worms
What did Luther believe you could only rely on?
Scripture
Who had Luther been in conflict with?
The Catholic Church
What type of conflict was it?
Directly and indirectly
What had the Catholic church alleged Luther had done?
Deviated from the Catholic teaching
What had the Catholic Church argued Luther’s arguments were on indulgences?
His argument on indulgences was unjustified Biblically and Theologically
What did the Exurge Domine argue Luther had attacked?
The papal authority and power
When was Luther argued to have reached his breaking point?
1520
Who put the Exurge Domine to Luther?
The Church
Why was Luther at a breaking point?
As he believed nobody in the hierarchy wanted to listen or believe in him or his teachings
What does Luther begin to call the Pope?
The Antichrist
Why is Luther shocked?
As he cannot believe that the church would not want to listen to him on grounds of justifying the faith
What was Luther trying to do?
Justify the faith
Who was he frustrated with?
The Catholic Church
What does Luther begin to do as a result?
Become more radical, as in he is more willing to say what he thinks
What is put forward in 1520?
The Freedom of the Christian
What does the Freedom of the Christian state?
Lays down his feelings on the freedom of law and theology of the cross
What does Luther burn?
The Exurge Domine
What does the burning mean?
He could be threatened with excommunication
What is still a crime?
Heresy
Who was Luther to appear before in the Diet of Worms?
The Emperor
What was the Diet of Worms?
A trial to determine whether Luther was a heretic and what would happen as a result of the outcome
What does Fredrick the Wise manage to get Luther?
Safe conduct
Does Luther go against what he has written in his books?
NO
What does he believe about anyone who goes against his beliefs?
They are wrong as he has the evidence in scripture to prove he is right
What statement highlights from Luther exactly his beliefs on his writing?
“Unless I am convinced by scripture or reason I will not retract my conscience”
What is the outcome of the Diet of Worms?
He is declared an outlaw, flees and goes into hiding with the help of Fredrick the Wise
What kind of reformer was Luther?
A moderate reformer
What did Luther view progress as?
One’s return to baptism
Why was Luther driven to the word?
As there was a strong sense of tension, anxiety, attacks of depression and desperation
What did Luther understand theology as?
Wisdom gained from experience
What was this understanding of theology adopted by?
“Prayer, meditation and trail”
What did he see faith as?
A passive light
What did he see the unity of?
Theology
What was the posting regarded as?
An academic exercise
Where did the posting circulate?
Widely, far beyond the academic community
When was it argued Luther’s movement actually began?
When it extended outside of Germany
What did Luther’s thesis express?
That faith is justified by grace alone and faith
How would this faith NOT be expressed?
Not through the purchases of indulgences
What did Luther call the justification of faith?
The theology of the cross
What shouldn’t people avoid?
Suffering
What should the follow?
The way of the cross
What did people believe indulgences were?
A let off from penance
Were Luther’s ideas new?
No
What was it the first of however even if his ideas were not new?
It was the first time it had been used to mount a criticism of indulgences
Was criticism of indulgences new?
No
What were they expressing a warning about?
The weak theological foundations upon which most indulgent preaching was placed
When Luther was in hiding what did he publish?
Many letters criticizing the pope and the Catholic church
What did he translate into German whilst in hiding?
The Bible
What did Luther hold as the highest authority?
The Bible
What did people believe would happen if people could not read the Bible?
That they would continue to be deceived by the Catholic Church
What did the development of the printing press mean people were able to do?
Distribute Luther’s German Bible throughout the country
What did the publication of the German Bible lead many people to do?
They started to question the authority of the church and the Pope
What did the printing of the Bible lead to?
A full scale revolt
When Luther returned who did he drive out?
The radicals
What did he then finally establish in Wittenburg?
His own Lutheran church in 1526
What were the radicals doing throughout Germany?
They were burning down Catholic buildings such as churches, libraries and monasteries
Who were the radicals calling their name under?
Luther
What was the radical movement known as?
The Peasants revolt
Where did this spread across?
All over Europe
