Luther T1 Flashcards
When was Alexander VI pope?
1492-1503
Why was Alexander VI a bad pope?
He had murdered his own daughters lovers and husbands, was infamous for the orgies he threw and both his children were murderous, scandalous public figures. He also had children breaking the rules of celibacy and bought his way into office and sold offices (simony). Also rumoured to have knocked up his daughter Lucrezia
When was Pope Julius II pope?
1503-1513
Why was Pope Julius II a bad pope?
Known as the warrior pope his first act was to prohibit simony in 1505 (ironic because that’s how he got there) and then his second was to focus on expanding Rome’s powers and expelling all foreign powers. He also spent heaps of money on art, he commissioned Michaelangelos Sistine chapel and the rebuild of St. Peter’s Basilica. To fund these he allowed the most controversial issue of the time to thrive, the sale of indulgences.
When was Pope Leo X pope?
1513-1521
Why was Leo X a bad pope?
Accusations that he was gay, he didn’t effectively defeat Luther, he was there mainly to expand the Medici family power. However, he could have just been unlucky as the indulgence scandal had already been brewing for some time.
Why was the church unpopular in Germany?
Absenteeism meant that priests were away from their parishes too long and so they couldn’t run church. Simony and nepotism meant that people in the church were stupid. There was also some hostility towards Bishop-Princes, i.e Albert of Mainz.
What is a humanist?
They study Ancient Greek to read the bible in the closest original language possible. They were critical of medieval teachings of the bible as they were often based on poor translations. Their new thinking and scepticism often clashed with the traditionalism of the Catholic Church.
Who was Erasmus?
Christian humanist applying humanism to the Christian scriptures.
When did Erasmus write in Praise of Folly, what was it?
1509, it was a pamphlet criticising the catholic church’s abuses with bad and uneducated monks, relics, indulgences and absenteeism/not doing their jobs right.m
What was the condition of the church in Rome?
Rumoured to be living lives of pleasure and making a mockery of Christianity. Most of these were eye-witness accounts.
Why did Rome particularly exploit Germany?
Germany had the most amount of money going to the Vatican out of anyone because they had no centralised government to regulate this.
Why was there so much anti-clerical attitudes in Germany?
There was a lot of abuses but it’s more that the environment was more accepting toward this criticism from humanist criticism influences.
Who was Jan Huss?
A humanist born in Bohemia 1371, there was a schism at the time between two popes and he denounced the various abuses as well as only allowing the laity the bread. Also said that church authority shouldn’t be earthly governors only spiritual. He got caught up in the schism between the two popes before his was ultimately elected. However his ideas could have lead to more instability so they burned him at the stake. Lither was compared to him by eck and that was how he was made a heretic.
Who were the three main humanists that laid the groundwork for Luther.
Erasmus, disapproved of Luther, died 1536
Ulrich von Hutton, was Luther’s bestie and supporter, died 1523
Celtis, his ideas laid the ground work for Luther.
Which humanists were fierce German nationalists?
Von Hutten, Celtis
Who was Tetzel?
He was a monk of the Dominican order who became a Dr. Of theolgoy at Frankfurt uni before being disgraced by the indulgence scandal and dying in a monastery in Leipzig.
Why did Luther disapprove of Tetzel’s sale of indulgences?
He was selling them near saxony
Tetzel lived a pompous and luxurious life.
Why did the Catholic Church not approve of Tetzel’s sale of indulgences?
He ignored the need for remorse.
It kicked up too much fuss.
Militz was sent from Rome to tell him off.
Why
What was the role of an emperor?
Must be strong enough to protect each state but not strong enough to undermine their authority.
They were elected by the seven electors.
Had gone to the Habsburg family since 1473 because they had been the only ones with enough money. Had no salary and no way to raise tax.
Could only raise troops with the permission of the electors.
Secular head of Christendom.
Essentially there to protect the empire,
What were the central courts?
It was essentially a Supreme Court that helped cope with ever state and cities different laws.
Why were there two different central courts and when?
1500, the Imperial Aulic Court based in Vienna in Habsburg territory so for emperor.
Imperial chamber where the emperor chose the chief if justice and the princes chose the 20 judges.
Shows the rivalry between the emperor and the princes.
