Luther: His debates @ Leipzig and w/ Cajetan Flashcards
4 attempts to silence Luther between 1517-1520 and their dates?
1518 April, Meeting with Augustinians
1518 October, Through Cardinal Cajetan
1518-19 December-January, Through negotiation with Frederick the Wise
1519 June-July, Leipzig debates
How did Albert Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, react to Luther’s 95 theses?
Checked letter for Heresy before he sent it to Rome, as he was worried without indulgences he wouldn’t be able to pay debt to the Fuggers.
How did Pope Leo X react and when?
early 1518, most likely thought it was another feud between Augustinians and the Dominicans, so he didn’t want to get involved and instead asked prior general of the Augustinians to silence Luther.
What other big problem did Leo X have that meant he didn’t pay attention to Lutheran problem?
Just survived assassination attempt from Cardinals.
bankrupt from war with Italy.
Trying to unite christian europe together for crusade against Ottoman Empire.
Syria and Egypt had just fallen to Ottoman empire and Cyprus looked to be next.
How did the Prior General of the Augustinians react to the Lutheran Problem?
delegated to Staupitz
What did Staupitz do?
Invited him to the meeting of the Augustinians at Heidelburg to speak on his views of sin, freewill and grace. he must avoid the topic of indulgences at all costs.
What happened at Heidelburg and when?
April 1518, Luther was treated like a guest of honour and was very successful. He drew strength from the meeting, and from the fact that his order did not reject him. It gave him the opportunity to develop his ideas and make converts. At least one man, Martin Bucer who later became a very avid supporter of his, was very impressed.
How did Pope Leo X react?
Was angered by this and ordered Luther to be sent to Rome at which point Frederick the Wise intervened, even though he was a devout catholic, had a massive collection of relics and stayed devout catholic till he died. Frederick the Wise then asked for Luther to be interviewed in Germany by Cardinal Cajetan.
Meeting with Cardinal Cajetan: what, when and where?
October 1518. Luther was to meet with Cardinal Cajetan in Augsburg. Before he went, his friends did the wise thing and asked for an Imperial guarantee of his safety. This was granted. Cajetan had secret orders to make Luther recant or imprison him for heresy. STRICTLY not to debate. He broke this rule very quickly. Cajetan pointed out that thesis 58 contradicted papal supremacy and that thesis 7 was just plain wrong. Devolved into shouting match and Luther fled. Cajetan wrote to Frederick the Wise proclaiming Luther a heretic and asking he be surrendered immediately.
Negotiations with Frederick the Wise?
Took place between December to January 1518-19. Pope Leo X sent Chamberlain Millitz with papal Rose, an award gifted to one ruler per year, as a symbol of their excellent leadership and dedication to christianity. Leo X was nice as Emperor Maximillian was ill which meant an election was impending and Frederick the Wise was one the seven electors. Before negotiations could go further Emperor died and Leo halted all hunts after Luther.
Background of the Leipzig debates?
They took place in at the Duke of Saxony’s house in Leipzig in June-July 1519. Dr John Eck was a member of the Dominican order and had been waging a pamphlet war against Luther for 18 months. Esc was smart so stayed away from the shady business of Tetzel’s indulgences and attacked him on the grounds of papal supremacy. Duke George agreed to host it because he saw it as his duty as a devout catholic and wanted to one up his cousin Frederick the Wise. Professors from Erfut and Paris universities judged.
What happened at Leipzig debates?
At the debate, 200 Wittenberg students supported Luther, but Duke George initially denied him safe conduct, so Andrew Karlstadt debated in his place, poorly. The week-long debate on free will and salvation frustrated Eck, who secured safe conduct for Luther. Eck then debated papal supremacy, tricking Luther by linking his ideas to Jan Hus. Luther countered with: no scriptural basis for the papacy, its lack of authority, and the supremacy of general church councils—leading to his sola scriptura doctrine. After three weeks, the debate ended without a clear winner, but it made Luther famous and solidified his views.
Threat of excommunication? What, when, why?
January 1520, Luther had openly agreed with some of Jan Hus’ views had to act. They decided to threaten him with excommunication.
What happened after the threat of excommunication?
June, 1520, Eck drew up the the papers for the papal bull Exsurge Domine, stating that the church must protect the Vineyard of the Lord from the ‘wild boar’ that had invaded it.
41 of Luthers points condemned as heretical and he was given 60 days to recant. During this time he was forbidden to preach or write.
2 days later Eck and Cardinal Aleander went north to publicise bull and in areas of strong Lutheran support it was torn down and in Wittenberg the students defiantly published it as a joke.
What position was Eck promoted to?
Papal Nuncis- Ambassador from the Pope to the emperor.
