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Systems Pathology Final > Lungs Part 4 > Flashcards

Lungs Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a big risk for infection?

A

immunosupression, transplants, elderly

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2
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

infections that will attack those who are immunocompromised and not those who have normal immune systems

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3
Q

What are some of the symptoms of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

A

pulmonary edema, fever, headache, malaise, myalgia

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4
Q

How many adults have had cytomegalovirus?

A

50-100%

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of cytomegalovirus for those who have immunocompetence?

A

asymptomatic

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6
Q

How is cytomegalovirus spread?

A

respiratory droplets, fecal-oral, venereal (sexual desire)

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7
Q

What most commonly happens to cytomegalovirus?

A

it lays latent

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8
Q

Who most commonly sees symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

A

transplant patients and AIDS patients

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9
Q

What is the most common viral pathogen in AIDS patients?

A

cytomegalovirus

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10
Q

Where does CMV primarily affect?

A

lungs, GI tract, and retina

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11
Q

CMV infections can progress to what?

A

ARDS

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12
Q

What disease does CMV mimic?

A

mono (fever, lymphadenopathy)

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13
Q

When are people exposed to pneumocystis jiroveci?

A

childhood

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14
Q

When does pneumocystic jiroveci reactivate?

A

if you become immunosuppressed (AIDS, transplant recepients, chemotherapy, malnourished infants)

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

pulmonary edema, fever, dry cough, dyspnea

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16
Q

What can you assume if someone has contracted an opportunistic fungal infection?

A

they are immunocompromised

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17
Q

What are general signs and symptoms of fungal infections?

A

infection of skin or viscera, possible pseudomembranes, hypoxia

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18
Q

What is the most common disease causing fungus?

A

candida albicans

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19
Q

Where is candida albicans normally seen?

A

oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, vagina

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20
Q

What is a disease caused by systemic candidiasis that is seen in immunocompromised patients?

A

systemic candidiasis

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21
Q

What is the most common form of candidiasis?

A

oral thrush

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22
Q

What is the most common type of vaginal infection, especially in pregnant, those on oral contraceptives or diabetic patients?

A

candida vaginits

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23
Q

Which candida infection is associated with AIDS patients?

A

candida esophagitis

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24
Q

Invasive candidiasis can affect what organs?

A

lungs, esophagus, kidneys, heart, meninges, liver, eyes

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25
Q

Who is at risk for candidiasis?

A

HIV, newborns, taking oral corticosteriods or broad-spectrum antibiotics

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26
Q

What is a common cause of pneumonia in the immunocompromised?

A

opportunistic mold infections

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27
Q

What are some comorbid conditions associated with opportunistic mold infections?

A

hematolymphoid cancer, neutropenia, prolonged corticosteroids, transplant recipients

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28
Q

How do the microbial agents spread?

A

vascularly from tissues of the head/neck to sinuses, nasal cavity, brain, orbit

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29
Q

What are the fungi that cause opportunistic mold infections?

A

mucormycosis, aspergillus

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30
Q

What does aspergillus result in?

A

aspergilloma, necrotizing pneumonia, hemoptysis

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31
Q

What is a common site of metastasis?

A

lungs

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32
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

a “coin lesion” (solitary pulmonary nodule)

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33
Q

What is the must common benign lung tumor?

A

hamartoma

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34
Q

Where do we see hamartomas?

A

in mature cartilage and vessels

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35
Q

What is common and lethal cancer?

A

primary lung cancer

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36
Q

Where does primary lung cancer come from commonly?

A

95% from bronchial epithelia

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37
Q

What kind of cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

primary lung cancer

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38
Q

What is the ratio of people who are affected by lung cancer?

A

males: 1 in 13
females: 1 in 16

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39
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths?

A

pulmonary carcinoma

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40
Q

What percentage of people are affected by pulmonary carcinoma?

A

males: 29%, females: 26%

41
Q

More women die from ___ cancer than ____ cancer.

A

lung, breast

42
Q

Pulmonary carcinomas are associated with what?

A

smoking

43
Q

What percentage of lung cancer diagnoses are given to smokers?

A

90%

44
Q

there is a ___ increased risk of lung cancer in smokers.

A

60x

45
Q

What percentage of heavy smokers develop pulmonary carcinoma?

A

11%

46
Q

What is the age range for pulmonary carcinoma diagnoses?

A

50-70

47
Q

If the pulmonary carcinoma is localized, what is the survival rate?

A

45% 5 year survival rate

48
Q

If the pulmonary carcinoma has metastasized, what is the survival rate?

A

15% 5 year survival rate

49
Q

What percent of pulmonary carcinoma patients have early metastases?

A

~50% of all cases

50
Q

What is the most common type of pulmonary carcinoma?

A

adenocarcinoma

51
Q

What types of pulmonary carcinomas are associated with smoking?

A

squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma

52
Q

Which pulmonary carcinoma almost always has metastases at the time of diagnosis?

A

small cell carcinoma

53
Q

Where do pulmonary carcinomas metastasize to?

A

brain, liver, bones, adrenals

54
Q

What signs are seen with metastasis of pulmonary carcinoma?

A

neural dysfunction, hepatomegaly, bone pain

55
Q

What is Pancoast Tumor?

A

lung cancer of the pulmonary apex

56
Q

What is the most common non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Pancoast Tumor

57
Q

Pancoast Tumors make up how many of all lung cancers?

A

~5%

58
Q

Where can possible osseous destruction occur with a Pancoast Tumor?

A

upper ribs, thoracic vertebrae

59
Q

Where is pain with a Pancoast Tumor?

A

chest, shoulder arm, cachexia

60
Q

What is Pancoast Syndrome?

A

a neurologica destruction of the stellate ganglion (sympathetic trunk) and brachial plexus

61
Q

What are the symptoms of Pancoast syndrome?

A

Ptosis, miosis (pupillary constriction), anhidrosis

62
Q

What kind of symptoms does pulmonary carcinoma have early on?

A

asymptomatic “silent” features

63
Q

What are general symptoms of pulmonary carcinoma?

A

chronic cough, hoarsness, possible sputum, chest pain, superior vena cava syndorme, pleural effusion

64
Q

When is pulmonary carcinoma unresectable?

A

when in the advanced stages

65
Q

What percent of people with pulmonary carcinoma have paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

10%

66
Q

How long is survival for small cell lung cancer?

A

1 year on average

67
Q

How long is survival for non-small cell lung cancers?

A

better than SCLC

68
Q

What is the treatment for a non-small cell lung cancer?

A

removal of the lung

69
Q

What are the layers of the pleural cavity?

A

visceral and parietal

70
Q

What is the most common pleural lesion?

A

secondary pleural lesion

71
Q

What can primary pleural lesions occur from?

A

bacterial infections, neoplasia (from mesothelioma)

72
Q

What can secondary pleural lesions occur from?

A

pleural effusion (CHF), pleuritis (SLE, RA), emphysema, TB, lung cancer, fractured rib

73
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

fluid within the pleural cavity (specifically around the lungs)

74
Q

What is another name for transudate?

A

hydrothroax

75
Q

transudate has few of what?

A

protein (protein poor)

76
Q

Transudate occurs from what?

A

CHF

77
Q

What is the most common cause of pleural effusion?

A

transudate

78
Q

What is another name for exudate?

A

pleuritis (pleurisy)

79
Q

Exudate has a lot of what?

A

protein (protein rich)

80
Q

Exudate can come from what form of inflammation?

A

any form

81
Q

How do you resolve a pleural lesion?

A

removal of the causitive factor, almost always secondary to a lung pathology

82
Q

What are the causes of an exudate pleural effusion?

A

microbial infection, cancer, pulmonary infarction, viral pleurisy, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, thoracic surgery

83
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

air within the pleural cavity

84
Q

Describe spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

idiopathic, slender habitus, found in males

85
Q

Describe secondary pneumothorax?

A

secondary to thoracic/lung pathology (rib fracture, emphysema, TB, CA)

86
Q

What is tension pneumothorax?

A

increase in air, which shifts the mediastinum, compresses vessels

87
Q

What type of pneumothorax is a medical emergency?

A

tension pneumothorax

88
Q

Which type of pneumothorax is vulnerable to infection?

A

all of them

89
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

when there is whole blood in the pleural cavity because of a ruptured aortic aneurysm from lung cancer (blood coagulates)

90
Q

Which is more commonly the lethal one, hemothorax or chylothroax?

A

hemothorax

91
Q

What is chylothorax?

A

lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the pleural cavity

92
Q

Describe the lymph fluid in chylothorax?

A

milky white color from major lymphatic obstruction

93
Q

What does chylothorax most commonly follow?

A

intrathoracic cancer

94
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

a rare malignancy of mesothelial cells from asbestos exposure

95
Q

Who is most likely to get mesothelioma?

A

shipyard workers, insulators, miners

96
Q

What is seen in mesothelioma?

A

fibers that have accumulated because of failed phagocytosis (increased ROS), pleural plaque (precursor lesion)

97
Q

What is the latency period for mesothelioma?

A

25-40 years

98
Q

What kind of prognosis does mesothelioma have?

A

poor, 4-18 months post diagnosis

Systems Pathology Final (5 decks)

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