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Systems Pathology Final > Lungs Part 4 > Flashcards

Lungs Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a big risk for infection?

A

immunosupression, transplants, elderly

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2
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

infections that will attack those who are immunocompromised and not those who have normal immune systems

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3
Q

What are some of the symptoms of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

A

pulmonary edema, fever, headache, malaise, myalgia

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4
Q

How many adults have had cytomegalovirus?

A

50-100%

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of cytomegalovirus for those who have immunocompetence?

A

asymptomatic

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6
Q

How is cytomegalovirus spread?

A

respiratory droplets, fecal-oral, venereal (sexual desire)

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7
Q

What most commonly happens to cytomegalovirus?

A

it lays latent

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8
Q

Who most commonly sees symptoms of cytomegalovirus?

A

transplant patients and AIDS patients

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9
Q

What is the most common viral pathogen in AIDS patients?

A

cytomegalovirus

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10
Q

Where does CMV primarily affect?

A

lungs, GI tract, and retina

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11
Q

CMV infections can progress to what?

A

ARDS

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12
Q

What disease does CMV mimic?

A

mono (fever, lymphadenopathy)

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13
Q

When are people exposed to pneumocystis jiroveci?

A

childhood

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14
Q

When does pneumocystic jiroveci reactivate?

A

if you become immunosuppressed (AIDS, transplant recepients, chemotherapy, malnourished infants)

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia?

A

pulmonary edema, fever, dry cough, dyspnea

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16
Q

What can you assume if someone has contracted an opportunistic fungal infection?

A

they are immunocompromised

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17
Q

What are general signs and symptoms of fungal infections?

A

infection of skin or viscera, possible pseudomembranes, hypoxia

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18
Q

What is the most common disease causing fungus?

A

candida albicans

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19
Q

Where is candida albicans normally seen?

A

oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, vagina

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20
Q

What is a disease caused by systemic candidiasis that is seen in immunocompromised patients?

A

systemic candidiasis

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21
Q

What is the most common form of candidiasis?

A

oral thrush

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22
Q

What is the most common type of vaginal infection, especially in pregnant, those on oral contraceptives or diabetic patients?

A

candida vaginits

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23
Q

Which candida infection is associated with AIDS patients?

A

candida esophagitis

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24
Q

Invasive candidiasis can affect what organs?

A

lungs, esophagus, kidneys, heart, meninges, liver, eyes

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25
Who is at risk for candidiasis?
HIV, newborns, taking oral corticosteriods or broad-spectrum antibiotics
26
What is a common cause of pneumonia in the immunocompromised?
opportunistic mold infections
27
What are some comorbid conditions associated with opportunistic mold infections?
hematolymphoid cancer, neutropenia, prolonged corticosteroids, transplant recipients
28
How do the microbial agents spread?
vascularly from tissues of the head/neck to sinuses, nasal cavity, brain, orbit
29
What are the fungi that cause opportunistic mold infections?
mucormycosis, aspergillus
30
What does aspergillus result in?
aspergilloma, necrotizing pneumonia, hemoptysis
31
What is a common site of metastasis?
lungs
32
What is a hamartoma?
a "coin lesion" (solitary pulmonary nodule)
33
What is the must common benign lung tumor?
hamartoma
34
Where do we see hamartomas?
in mature cartilage and vessels
35
What is common and lethal cancer?
primary lung cancer
36
Where does primary lung cancer come from commonly?
95% from bronchial epithelia
37
What kind of cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma?
primary lung cancer
38
What is the ratio of people who are affected by lung cancer?
males: 1 in 13 females: 1 in 16
39
What is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths?
pulmonary carcinoma
40
What percentage of people are affected by pulmonary carcinoma?
males: 29%, females: 26%
41
More women die from ___ cancer than ____ cancer.
lung, breast
42
Pulmonary carcinomas are associated with what?
smoking
43
What percentage of lung cancer diagnoses are given to smokers?
90%
44
there is a ___ increased risk of lung cancer in smokers.
60x
45
What percentage of heavy smokers develop pulmonary carcinoma?
11%
46
What is the age range for pulmonary carcinoma diagnoses?
50-70
47
If the pulmonary carcinoma is localized, what is the survival rate?
45% 5 year survival rate
48
If the pulmonary carcinoma has metastasized, what is the survival rate?
15% 5 year survival rate
49
What percent of pulmonary carcinoma patients have early metastases?
~50% of all cases
50
What is the most common type of pulmonary carcinoma?
adenocarcinoma
51
What types of pulmonary carcinomas are associated with smoking?
squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma
52
Which pulmonary carcinoma almost always has metastases at the time of diagnosis?
small cell carcinoma
53
Where do pulmonary carcinomas metastasize to?
brain, liver, bones, adrenals
54
What signs are seen with metastasis of pulmonary carcinoma?
neural dysfunction, hepatomegaly, bone pain
55
What is Pancoast Tumor?
lung cancer of the pulmonary apex
56
What is the most common non-small cell lung cancer?
Pancoast Tumor
57
Pancoast Tumors make up how many of all lung cancers?
~5%
58
Where can possible osseous destruction occur with a Pancoast Tumor?
upper ribs, thoracic vertebrae
59
Where is pain with a Pancoast Tumor?
chest, shoulder arm, cachexia
60
What is Pancoast Syndrome?
a neurologica destruction of the stellate ganglion (sympathetic trunk) and brachial plexus
61
What are the symptoms of Pancoast syndrome?
Ptosis, miosis (pupillary constriction), anhidrosis
62
What kind of symptoms does pulmonary carcinoma have early on?
asymptomatic "silent" features
63
What are general symptoms of pulmonary carcinoma?
chronic cough, hoarsness, possible sputum, chest pain, superior vena cava syndorme, pleural effusion
64
When is pulmonary carcinoma unresectable?
when in the advanced stages
65
What percent of people with pulmonary carcinoma have paraneoplastic syndromes?
10%
66
How long is survival for small cell lung cancer?
1 year on average
67
How long is survival for non-small cell lung cancers?
better than SCLC
68
What is the treatment for a non-small cell lung cancer?
removal of the lung
69
What are the layers of the pleural cavity?
visceral and parietal
70
What is the most common pleural lesion?
secondary pleural lesion
71
What can primary pleural lesions occur from?
bacterial infections, neoplasia (from mesothelioma)
72
What can secondary pleural lesions occur from?
pleural effusion (CHF), pleuritis (SLE, RA), emphysema, TB, lung cancer, fractured rib
73
What is pleural effusion?
fluid within the pleural cavity (specifically around the lungs)
74
What is another name for transudate?
hydrothroax
75
transudate has few of what?
protein (protein poor)
76
Transudate occurs from what?
CHF
77
What is the most common cause of pleural effusion?
transudate
78
What is another name for exudate?
pleuritis (pleurisy)
79
Exudate has a lot of what?
protein (protein rich)
80
Exudate can come from what form of inflammation?
any form
81
How do you resolve a pleural lesion?
removal of the causitive factor, almost always secondary to a lung pathology
82
What are the causes of an exudate pleural effusion?
microbial infection, cancer, pulmonary infarction, viral pleurisy, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, thoracic surgery
83
What is pneumothorax?
air within the pleural cavity
84
Describe spontaneous pneumothorax?
idiopathic, slender habitus, found in males
85
Describe secondary pneumothorax?
secondary to thoracic/lung pathology (rib fracture, emphysema, TB, CA)
86
What is tension pneumothorax?
increase in air, which shifts the mediastinum, compresses vessels
87
What type of pneumothorax is a medical emergency?
tension pneumothorax
88
Which type of pneumothorax is vulnerable to infection?
all of them
89
What is hemothorax?
when there is whole blood in the pleural cavity because of a ruptured aortic aneurysm from lung cancer (blood coagulates)
90
Which is more commonly the lethal one, hemothorax or chylothroax?
hemothorax
91
What is chylothorax?
lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the pleural cavity
92
Describe the lymph fluid in chylothorax?
milky white color from major lymphatic obstruction
93
What does chylothorax most commonly follow?
intrathoracic cancer
94
What is mesothelioma?
a rare malignancy of mesothelial cells from asbestos exposure
95
Who is most likely to get mesothelioma?
shipyard workers, insulators, miners
96
What is seen in mesothelioma?
fibers that have accumulated because of failed phagocytosis (increased ROS), pleural plaque (precursor lesion)
97
What is the latency period for mesothelioma?
25-40 years
98
What kind of prognosis does mesothelioma have?
poor, 4-18 months post diagnosis

Systems Pathology Final (5 decks)

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