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SF3- Exam 1 > Lungs and Pleura > Flashcards

Lungs and Pleura Flashcards

1
Q

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A
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2
Q

Miliary tuberculosis

A

Granulomas from mycobacterium tuberculosis

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3
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5
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6
Q

Which primary bronchus is being described below?

Wider, shorter and runs more vertically

A

Right

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7
Q

Which primary bronchus is being described below?

Passes inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to esophagus and thoracic aorta

A

Left

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8
Q

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the ___________.

A

Sternal angle

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9
Q

_____________ are several large lymph nodes inferior to the tracheal bifurcation.

A

Carinal lymph nodes

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10
Q

From where do carinal lymph nodes receive afferents and to where do they send efferents?

A

Afferents: Bronchopulmonary nodes and the heart

Efferents: Superior tracheobronchial and tracheal nodes

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11
Q

The deep part of the cardiac plexus is formed by which nerves?

A
  • Cardiac nerves derived from the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
  • Cardiac branches of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves
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12
Q

Where is the deep part of the cardiac plexus situated?

A

In front of the bifurcation of the trachea, above the point of division of the pulmonary artery, and behind the aortic arch

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13
Q

Which cardiac nerves do not enter into the foramtion of the deep part of the cardiac plexus?

A

Superior cardiac nerve of the left sympathetic trunk

Lower of the two superior cervical cardiac branches from the left vagus nerve (which passes to the superficial part of the plexus)

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14
Q

The _________ is a cartilaginous ridge in the sagittal plane of the trachea where it splits into the two primary bronchi.

A

Carina

NOTE: The carina is located on the internal surface at point of the tracheal bifurcation.

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15
Q

Label

A
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16
Q

A bronchopulmonary segments consists of :

A

The tertiary bronchus, the portion of lung it ventilates, and artery, and a vein.

NOTE: Each bronchopulmonary segment is a discrete anatomical and functional unit, and this separation means that a bronchopulmonary segment can be surgically removed without affecting the function of the others.

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17
Q

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A
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18
Q

The mesothelial lining of each hemithorax is dereived from ________________.

A

Embryonic coelomic lining

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19
Q

Which of the two types of pleura is sensitive to pain?

A

The parietal pleura

20
Q

What is the function of the pleural cavity?

A
  • Reduces friction
  • Surface tension provides cohesion between lung and thoracic wall
21
Q

The pleural cavity is a potential space between ________ and _________ pleura.

A

Visceral; parietal

22
Q

The pleural cavity contains a capillary layer of serous fluid produced by ___________.

A

Mesoepithelium

23
Q

___________ is the serous membrane lining the pleural cavity on the superor surface of the diaphragm.

A

Diaphragmatic parietal pleura

24
Q

The diaphragmatic parietal pleura is continuous superiorly with the _______________ at the costodiaphragmatic reflection.

A

Costal parietal pleura

25
Q

The diaphragmatic parietal pleura is continuous superiorly with the _______________ at the inferomedial borders of the pleural cavities.

A

Mediastinal pleura

26
Q

_____________ is the serous membrane lining the pleural cavity on the inner surfaces of the ribs, costal cartilges, and intercostal mm.

A

Costal pariteal pleura

27
Q

Which pleura is the the costal parietal pleura continuous with?

A
  • Anteriorly with the mediastinal parietal pleura at the costomediastinal reflection
  • Posteriorly with the mediastinal parietal pleura at the vertebral bodies
  • Inferiorly with the diaphragmatic parietal pleura at the costodiaphragmatic reflection
  • Superiorly with the cervical parietal pleura at the level of the 1st rib
28
Q
A
29
Q

The _________ is the serous membrane lining the pleural cavity which extends above the level of the 1st rib into the root of the neck.

A

Cupula

30
Q

The cupular pleura is continuous inferiorly with the ______ and __________ parietal pleura.

A

Costal; mediastinal

31
Q

The cupula is reinforced by a specialization of scalene fascia called ____________.

A

Sibson’s fascia

32
Q

The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing a _________ layer and a _________ layer.

A

Serous (Internal)

  • Consists of two layers: visceral and parietal

Fibrous (External)

  • Encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels
33
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic actions of the lungs?

A

Parasympathetic

  • Secretion of bronchial glands
  • Cotnraction of tracheal-bronchial musculature

Sympathetic

  • Inhibits secretion of bronchial glands
  • Releaxes tracheal-brinchial musculature
34
Q

What nerves provide innervation to the pleura?

A

Costal parietal pleura- intercostal nerve

Diapragmatic pleura- phrenic nerve

Visceral pleura- NO INNERVATION

35
Q

What are the 4 recesses and where are they located?

A

Costomediastinal recess

  • Behind the sternum and costal cartilages

Costodiaphragmatic recess

  • Between the diaphragm and chest wall

Phrenicomediastinal recess

  • Between the diaphragm and mediastinum

Vertebromediastinal recess

  • Between the vertebral bodies and mediastinum
36
Q

The costomediastinal recess is more pronounced on the ____ (left/right).

A

Left becuase this is where the heart is

37
Q

At the _______________, the parietal pleura is continuous with the visceral pleura.

A

Root of the lung

38
Q

The costal parietal pleura is separated from the thoracic wall by ______________.

A

Endothoracic fascia

39
Q

What is a pneumothroax?

A

Prescence of free air or gas in the pleural cavity

40
Q

What are the types of pneumothorax?

A

Open (sucking) pneumothorax

Tension pneumothorax

Spontaneous pneumothorax

41
Q

What is an open pneumothorax?

A

An unsealed opening in the chest wall; when the opening is sufficiently large, respiratory mechanics are impaired.

42
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

accumulation of air in the pleural space under pressure, compressing the lungs and decreasing venous return to the heart.

43
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

Intrathoracic bleeding

NOTE: There are numerous sources of potential bleends. A large hemothorax can result in in hypovolemic shock and restricted ipsilateral ventilation, contralateral mediastinal shift

44
Q

Malignant mesothelioma

A
  • Neoplasm of pleural serosa
  • Linked to asbestos exposure
  • May be restricted to parietal pleura but can involve viscera pleura
  • Can lead to contracture of all structures in affected hemithorax
45
Q

Pleural effusion

A
  • Accumulation of fluid in pleural space
  • Types: transudative vs. exudative effusion

SF3- Exam 1 (26 decks)

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