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Anatomy > Lungs and Diaphragm > Flashcards

Lungs and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the thoracic inlet?

A

The manubrium (anteriorly), first ribs (laterally), and T1 (posteriorly)

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2
Q

Describe the relative location of the thoracic cavity using anatomical terms and structures

A

Inferior to the thoracic inlet, superior to the diaphragm

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3
Q

What structure is noted as the inferior margin/boarder of the thoracic cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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4
Q

Define serous sacs

A

Continuous, dual layered sacs that form a membrane AROUND organs (the organs are not inside the serous sacs, they are surrounded by it as if you were to push your fist into a balloon)

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5
Q

What 2 layers make up a serous sac?

A

Visceral and parietal layers

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6
Q

Which layer of serous sacs is responsible for being in physical contact with organs? (visceral or parietal)

A

Visceral

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7
Q

The visceral layer of serous sacs receives what type of nerve innervation?

A

Visceral sensory innervation (sensations of stretch and ischemia)

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8
Q

Which layer of serous sacs comes into contact with the body wall?

A

Parietal layer

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8
Q

The parietal layer of serous sacs receives what type of nerve innervation?

A

Somatic sensory innervation (pain, temperature, touch)

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9
Q

What is the serous cavity?

A

The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of serous sacs

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9
Q

What is the primary function of serous fluid within serous sacs?

A

Facilities the movement of organs (allows for frictionless movement of structures like the lungs in the thoracic cavity)

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10
Q

Define pleurae

A

The pair of serous sacs that surround the lungs

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11
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

The serous sac that surrounds the heart

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12
Q

What is the peritoneal sac?

A

The serous sacs that surrounds the abdominopelvic organs

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13
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The inner layer of a pleural sac that lines the deep surface of the thoracic wall (comes into contact with thoracic wall)

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14
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the somatic sensory innervation received by the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal nerves (peripherally, laterally in particular) and the phrenic nerve (medially, particularly the surface that comes into contact with the pericardium)

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15
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

The outer layer of a pleural sac that lines the surface of the lungs

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16
Q

Pleurae are continuous at what structure?

A

The root of the lung

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17
Q

Define hydrothorax

A

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity (nonspecific fluid, word can be used to describe any type of fluid)

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18
Q

Define hemothorax

A

An abnormal accumulation of blood within the pleural cavity

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19
Q

Define pneumothorax

A

An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural cavity

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20
Q

Define pleurisy

A

Somatic pain from inflammation of the parietal pleura

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21
Q

How does an abnormal accumulation of fluid or air within the pleural cavity cause a problem?

A

A buildup of fluid or air within the pleural cavity adds pressure to surrounding tissue (the lungs), which decreases the lungs ability to fully inflate, making it difficult to breathe.

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22
Q

What is a thoracentesis?

A

A procedure used to drain fluid from the costodiaphragmatic process of the pleural cavity

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23
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

The corners at the junction of costal and diaphragmatic pleura. These corners can be found laterally and posteriorly on the inferior portion of the thorax, where the diaphragm meets the thoracic cage

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24
Q

Assuming a patient is sitting upright, the pathological accumulation of fluid within the pleural space accumulates where?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

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25
Q

During a thoracentesis, the needle being used to drain the fluid is typically inserted where (Assuming no ultrasound is used)?

A

The posterior side of intercostal spaces 7-9

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26
Q

Generally speaking, the apex of an organ is defined as what?

A

The narrowest surface (most pointy)

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27
Q

Generally speaking, the base of an organ is defined as what?

A

The broadest surface

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28
Q

Describe the root of the lung (also known as the hilum)

A

The area on the medial surface of each lung where bronchi and vessels enter and exit (ONLY place where structures enter and exit the lung)

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29
Q

What does the costal surface of the lungs face?

A

The ribs

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30
Q

Name the lobes of the right lung from superior to inferior

A

Superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe

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31
Q

Describe the location of the oblique fissure of the right lung

A

Between the inferior lobe and superior and middle lobes

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32
Q

What are the 2 types of fissures of the right lung called?

A

Oblique fissure and horizontal fissure

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33
Q

Describe the location of the horizontal fissure of the right lung

A

Between the superior lobe and middle lobe

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34
Q

Describe the location of the oblique fissure of the left lung

A

Between the inferior lobe and superior lobe

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35
Q

Why is the left lung smaller/have less lobes than the right?

A

To accommodate the heart

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36
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

A portion of lung divided/defined by thin connective tissue septa

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37
Q

Define segmental bronchus

A

The respiratory tube (bronchi) that supplies air to each of the bronchopulmonary segments (each bronchopulmonary segment has its own segmental bronchus)

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38
Q

Define segmental artery

A

The pulmonary arteries of each of the bronchopulmonary segments (each bronchopulmonary segment has its own segmental artery)

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39
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segment can be found in the left lung?

A

10

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40
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segment can be found in the right lung?

A

10

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41
Q

How do branches of the pulmonary vein run in the lungs?

A

Intersegmentally, so in between bronchopulmonary segments (bronchopulmonary segments do NOT have their own pulmonary vein like they do with the bronchi and the pulmonary arteries)

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42
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments each have their own of which of the following? (Chose 2)

A) Bronchi
B) Arteries
C) Veins

A

A and B

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43
Q

Define the margins of the bronchial tree

A

Extends from the larynx superiorly, through the thorax, and into each lung

44
Q

What structure makes up the largest portion of the bronchial tree?

A

The trachea

45
Q

What structure is immediately posterior to the trachea?

A

The esophagus

46
Q

What occurs to the trachea at the level of the sternal angle (Between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, or at the level of the T4/T5 vertebral disc)?

A

It bifurcates into the right main bronchi and left main bronchi

47
Q

What is the name of the internal ridge structure at the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

The carina (car-eye-na)

48
Q

Where do the left and right main bronchi extend from and to?

A

They extend from the trachea and into the lungs

49
Q

Why are the left and right main bronchi known as extrapulmonary structures?

A

Because they remain outside of the lungs

50
Q

What do the left and right main bronchi divide into?

A

lobar bronchi

51
Q

How many lobar bronchi are in the left lung?

A

2

52
Q

How many lobar bronchi are in the right lung?

A

3

53
Q

Why are lobar bronchi known as intrapulmonary structures?

A

Because they reside within the lung tissue

54
Q

What do lobar bronchi divide into?

A

Segmental bronchi

55
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there in the left lung?

A

10 (one for each bronchopulmonary segment)

56
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there in the right lung?

A

10 (one for each bronchopulmonary segment)

57
Q

What is meant when it is said that segmental bronchi are intrasegmental?

A

It means they reside in the center of bronchopulmonary segments)

58
Q

Why is the an aspirated object more likely to end up in the right main bronchus than the left main bronchus?

A

Because it is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left main bronchus

59
Q

If an object is aspirated on, which of the main bronchi is it more likely to end up in?

A

The right main bronchus

60
Q

Describe the role of the pulmonary arteries

A

Carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart (via the pulmonary trunk) to the lungs for oxygenation

61
Q

Define arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart

62
Q

Define veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

63
Q

What chamber of the heart does the pulmonary trunk arise from?

A

The right ventricle

64
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into terminal branches known as what?

A

The left and right pulmonary arteries

65
Q

In the lungs, pulmonary arteries divide into what?

A

Lobar arteries

66
Q

How many lobar arteries are found in the left lung?

A

2

67
Q

How many lobar arteries are found in the right lung?

A

3

68
Q

Lobar arteries branch/divide into what?

A

Segmental arteries

69
Q

What are pulmonary veins?

A

Small vessels that converge to drain away from the lungs that carry oxygenated blood back towards the heart (2 pulmonary veins enter each lung, so there are 4 total)

70
Q

Why are pulmonary veins known are intersegmental rather than intrasegmental?

A

Because they run between bronchopulmonary segments rather than to the middle of them like segmental pulmonary arteries and segmental bronchi

71
Q

What chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins enter into?

A

The left atrium

72
Q

What are bronchial vessels?

A

Systemic vessels used to bring oxygen and nutrients to lung tissues that are too far away from alveolar spaces to rely on direct gas exchange as their source for oxygen and nutrients

73
Q

Where do bronchial arteries arise from?

A

The thoracic aorta

74
Q

Where do bronchial veins drain into?

A

The azygous system/azygous vein

75
Q

What specific blood vessels carries oxygenated blood to lung tissues that aren’t passively oxygenated?

A

The bronchial arteries

76
Q

The azygous vein drains into what structure?

A

The superior vena cava (SVC)

77
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the lungs follows which sympathetic pathway?

A

The thoracic viscera pathway

78
Q

What nerves are responsible for supplying sympathetic innervation to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary splanchnic nerves

79
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the lungs acts upon what type of muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

80
Q

What is the outcome of sympathetic innervation of the lungs?

A

Bronchodialation

81
Q

The trachea divides into the left and right main bronchi at what level?

A

The level of T4/T5

82
Q

The lungs receive parasympathetic innervation via what nerve?

A

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X/10)

83
Q

What is the outcome of parasympathetic innervation of the lungs/bronchi?

A

Bronchoconstriction

84
Q

The primary muscle of respiration is knows as what?

A

The diaphragm

85
Q

The diaphragm is composed of what type of muscle fibers?

A

Skeletal

86
Q

Describe the differences between the right and left hemidiaphragms

A

The right hemidiaphragm is situated higher than the left, as the liver is located directly inferior to it

87
Q

Describe the nerve innervation of the right and left hemidiaphragms

A

They are independently innervated

88
Q

What are the points of attachment for the diaphragm?

A

The costal margin, ribs 11 and 12, the xiphoid process (at anterior midline) and the lumbar vertebrae (at posterior midline)

89
Q

From superior to inferior, name the various openings in the diaphragm

A

Caval opening (T8), esophageal hiatus (T10), and the aortic hiatus (T12)

90
Q

Describe the relative location of the caval opening

A

Located at the level of T8, is the most superior and anterior of the 3 openings in the diaphragm

91
Q

What structure(s) does the caval opening transmit?

A

The inferior vena cava (IVC)

92
Q

Describe the relative location of the esophageal hiatus

A

Located at the level of T10, is inferior and slightly posterior to the caval opening

93
Q

What structure(s) does the esophageal hiatus transmit?

A

The esophagus and the vagal trunks (of both vagus nerves)

94
Q

Describe the relative location of the aortic hiatus

A

At the level of T12, is the most inferior and posterior of the 3 openings in the diaphragm

95
Q

What structure(s) does the aortic hiatus transmit?

A

The thoracic aorta (becomes the abdominal aorta), the azygous vein, and the thoracic duct (part of the lymphatic system)

96
Q

At what point does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

A

After passing through the aortic hiatus

97
Q

Explain the process of inhalation

A

The diaphragm contracts, flattening the hemidiaphragm domes, which creates negative pressure and causes air to flow in

98
Q

Explain the process of expiration

A

The diaphragm relaxes, allowing the hemidiaphragm domes to re-shape, which creates positive pressure and causes air to be pushed out

99
Q

Expiration is primarily due to what (other than the relaxation of the diaphragm)?

A

Elastic recoil

100
Q

What occurs during forced inhalation?

A

The upper limb part of the muscle becomes fixed, and the chest wall part becomes free/not fixed.

101
Q

What muscle largely contributes to the process of forced inhalation?

A

Pectoralis major

102
Q

What occurs during forced exhalation?

A

The abdominal muscles contract, compressing abdominal contents upwards, reducing the thoracic volume

103
Q

How do accessory muscles move the sternum?

A

Anteriorly and superiorly (known as a pump handle motion)

104
Q

How do accessory muscles move the ribs?

A

Laterally and superiorly (known as a bucket handle motion)

105
Q

The diaphragm receives somatic motor innervation from what nerve?

A

The phrenic nerve

106
Q

Describe the origins of the phrenic nerve

A

From C3 to C5

107
Q

How does the phrenic nerve run down the left side of the body in relation to the heart and lungs?

A

In between the heart and lungs, anterior to the hilum

108
Q

The phrenic nerve provides somatic sensory innervation to what structures?

A

The central part of the diaphragm and some of the parietal pleura

109
Q

What nerve(s) are responsible for providing somatic sensory innervation to parts of the parietal pleura, as well as the peripheral aspects of the diaphragm?

A

The intercostal nerves

110
Q

The intercostal nerves provide motor innervation to what muscles?

A

The intercostal muscles

Anatomy (5 decks)

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