Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nucleus of a neuron is made up of what?

A

A group of CNS cell bodies (gray matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a ganglion

A

A group of PNS cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the nerve fibers of individual nerves called?

A

Axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A tract is defined as what?

A

A group of CNS axons (White matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A nerve can be defined as what?

A

A group of PNS axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A nerve fiber is defined as what?

A

A singular peripheral nerve axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?

A

By their dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the dorsal root carry?

A

Sensory signals from the spinal nerves towards the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion composed of?

A

The cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the ventral root carry?

A

Motor signals from the spinal cord towards the spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are spinal nerves divided (NOT “rooted”)?

A

Divided into dorsal and ventral rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of the dorsal ramus?

A

Carry sensory and motor signals to the dorsal/posterior skin and muscle. Really only covers about 3 inches on either side of the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the ventral ramus?

A

Carry sensory and motor signals to the ventral/anterior skin and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A strip/area of skin (derma-) that a specific spinal nerve is responsible for connecting to the rest of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a myotome?

A

The muscle fibers (myo-) that a specific spinal nerve is responsible for connecting to the rest of the nervous system. Most muscles are divided between multiple myotomes, and each myotome includes parts of many muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Each spinal nerve supplies one of each of these things

A

Dermatome and Myotome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of somatic sensory nerves?

A

Responsible for transmission of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception of the skin and superficial structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The sense of self-movement, force, and body position (essentially what our muscles are doing and where they are)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of somatic motor nerves?

A

Responsible for transmission of motor signals to skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of visceral sensory nerves?

A

Responsible for the transmission of sensations of stretch and ischemia of the internal organs (no pain, temperature, or touch)

21
Q

What is the role of visceral/autonomic motor nerves?

A

Responsible for the transmission of motor signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue

22
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A region in which peripheral nerves re-organize themselves (like a highway interchange for nerve fibers)

23
Q

Describe the structure of a somatic sensory nerve and where the cell body is located

A

1 neuron going from the receptor to the CNS, cell body located within the dorsal root ganglion

24
Q

What do visceral nerve fibers interact with?

A

Internal organs

25
Q

Describe the structure of a somatic motor nerve pathway

A

Originates in the CNS > ventral root > spinal nerve > ventral/dorsal ramus > skeletal muscle (synapse occurs at target structure)

26
Q

Describe the structure of a visceral sensory nerve pathway

A

1 neuron going from the receptor to the CNS, cell body located within the dorsal root ganglion

27
Q

Describe the pathway that a motor impulse would take to get to a skeletal muscle in the body wall

A

There would be a cell body in the spinal cord. The axon would exit the spinal cord via the ventral root and enter the spinal nerve. The axon would continue in either the ventral or dorsal ramus and continue to its target skeletal muscle fibers. It would stimulate those cells.

28
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Prepares your body for rapid action (fight or flight)

29
Q

What is affected by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Visceral organs and body wall structures (such as sweat glands, piloerector muscles, superficial blood vessels [remember, the vessel walls consist of smooth muscle])

30
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Responsible for maintaining your body’s regular maintenance activities (rest and digest)

31
Q

What is affected by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Visceral organs (NOT body wall structures)

32
Q

Many organs have dual innervation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system with contrasting effects. Give an example of these contrasting effects in the body.

A

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate.

33
Q

Describe the origin of sympathetic nerves

A

Preganglionic cell bodies are found in the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord, specifically from T1 to L2 (Have what is known as a thoracolumbar outflow) and exit the CNS via the lateral horn

34
Q

Describe the origin of parasympathetic nerves

A

Preganglionic cell bodies are found in the brain or sacral spinal cord, specifically from cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10, S2, S3, and S4 (Have what is known as a craniosacral outflow)

35
Q

Describe the pathway/anatomy of a sympathetic nerve

A

Short preganglionic axons, with ganglia located close to the spinal cord (2 types of ganglia: paravertebral and prevertebral) and long postganglionic axons that go to the target tissue

36
Q

Describe paravertebral ganglia

A

One of 2 types of sympathetic ganglia, located immediately lateral to the vertebral column. These connect to form a string of ganglia known as the sympathetic trunk that runs along either side of the spinal cord

37
Q

Describe prevertebral ganglia

A

One of 2 types of sympathetic ganglia, located anterior to the vertebral column

38
Q

Describe the pathway/anatomy of a parasympathetic nerve

A

Long preganglionic axons that run directly to the target organ, ganglia found within the walls of the target organ, very short postganglionic axons

39
Q

What is the significance of the lateral horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord?

A

It is the origin of all sympathetic nerve pathways. Where preganglionic cell bodies are located

40
Q

What is the role of the white ramus communicans?

A

It connects the ventral ramus to the sympathetic trunk (nerve goes from ventral ramus to the sympathetic trunk via the white ramus communicans)

41
Q

What is the role of the gray ramus communicans?

A

Connects the sympathetic trunk to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve (nerve goes from the sympathetic trunk back to the ventral ramus of the spinal nerve via the gray ramus communicans) ONLY THE BODY WALL SYMPATHETIC PATHWAY USES IT

42
Q

What are cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?

A

Postganglionic, exclusively sympathetic nerves located towards the back of the body that carry signals to the heart and lungs (Relevant in the thoracic viscera sympathetic nerve pathway)

43
Q

Describe thoracic, lumbar, and sacral splanchnic nerves

A

Preganglionic, exclusively sympathetic nerves located towards the back of the body that carry signals to the abdominal and pelvic organs (Relevant in the abdominal viscera sympathetic nerve pathway)

44
Q

What type of nerve fibers would you expect to find in a nerve going to an upper limb

A

Somatic motor, somatic sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers (going to sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and superficial blood vessels)

45
Q

How would damage to a dorsal root differ from damage to a dorsal ramus?

A

Damage to a dorsal root would affect all sensory supply associated with that spinal level; damage to a dorsal ramus would affect sensory and motor supply to the portion of the back associated with that spinal level

46
Q

Describe visceral sensation

A

Includes stretch and ischemia, not true pain. Sensations are diffuse and as a result difficult to localize (visceral=vague)

47
Q

Describe somatic pain

A

Pain that is sharp and easy to localize (somatic=sharp)

48
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain associated with internal organs that is sharp and easy to localize, however it may not localize with the affected organ (unknown for sure as to why this occurs, assumed that it is due to misinterpretation of sensory information)

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions