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RESP > Lungs and breathing > Flashcards

Lungs and breathing Flashcards

1
Q

How is the lung innervated?

A

Sympathetic - from T4-6 ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

Parasympathetic - from vagus

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2
Q

What results from sympathetic input to the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

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3
Q

What results from parasympathetic input to the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

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4
Q

What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)?

A

Pressure of intrapleural fluid

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5
Q

What is alveolar pressure (Palv)?

A

Gas pressure in the alveoli

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6
Q

What is atmospheric pressure (Patm)?

A

Pressure of air surrounding the body

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7
Q

Flow =

A

(Palv-Patm) / R

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8
Q

When F= negative…

A

Palv < Patm

Inspiration takes place (air flows in)

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9
Q

When F= positive…

A

Palv > Patm

Expiration takes place (air flows out)

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10
Q

What does F equal when there’s no airflow?

A

F= 0 and Palv = Patm

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11
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2 (@ constant temperautre)

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12
Q

What is Pip at rest?

A

A balance between the tendency of lungs to collapse and the tendency of the chest wall to expand

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13
Q

What keeps the lungs paritally expanded between breaths?

A

A negative Pip (-4mmHg)

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14
Q

How is a negative Pip caused?

A

Tiny enlargement of the IP space caused when pleural layer move slightly away from each other (due to tendencies of lung to collapse and chest all to expand)

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15
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

The entry of atm air into the IP space through a wound

Lung collapses

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16
Q

Describe the process of INSPIRATION

A
  1. Contraction of diaphragm and ext. intercostals
  2. Diaphragm flattens and ribs move upwards + outwards
  3. Thoracic volume increases, thorax expands
  4. Pip becomes more subatmospheric
  5. Transpulmonary pressure increases > elastic recoil of lungs
  6. Lungs expand
  7. Palv < Patm
  8. Air flows IN
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17
Q

Describe the process of EXPIRATION

A
  1. Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
  2. Thoracic volume decreases, chest wall recoils inwards
  3. Pip increases and becomes less subatmospheric
  4. Transpulmonary pressure decreases < elastic recoil of lungs
  5. Lungs passively recoil
  6. Palv > Patm
  7. Air flows OUT
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18
Q

How does forced expiration take place?

A
  • Internal intercostal muscles contract, decreasing thoracic volume
  • Abdominal muscles contract, further decreasing thoracic volume
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19
Q

What is dead space?

A

Volume of air not contributing to ventilation (anatomical and alveolar DS)

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20
Q

How much air is in the physiological dead space?

A

175mls (anatomical DS = 150mls, alveolar DS = 25mls)

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21
Q

What are the 7 layers gases must diffuse through in the air-blood barrier?

A
  1. Fluid lining alveolus
  2. Alveolar epithelium (/type 1 pneumocytes)
  3. Basement membrane of alveolar cells
  4. Interstitial space between epithelial and endothelial cells
  5. Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
  6. Capillary endothelial cells
  7. RBC
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22
Q

What is ventilation-perfusion mismatch?

A

Condition where areas of the lung receive oxygen but no blood flow (dead space/wasted ventilation) OR they receive blood but no oxygen

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23
Q

What is hypoxic pulmonary constriction?

A

Decrease in local alveolar ventilation –> decrease in alveolar and arterial pO2 –> VASOCONSTRICTION, diverting blood away from poorly ventilated area

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24
Q

What is local bronchoconstriction?

A

Decrease in local blood flow –> reduced local pCO2 –> BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, diverting airflow away from poorly perfused areas

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25
Q

What is PaCO2?

A

Arterial CO2

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26
Q

What is PACO2?

A

Alveolar CO2

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27
Q

What is PaO2?

A

Arterial O2

28
Q

What is PAO2?

A

Alveolar O2

29
Q

What is PIO2?

A

Pressure of inspired O2

30
Q

What is V.A?

A

Alveolar ventilation

31
Q

What is V.CO2?

A

CO2 production

32
Q

In what two forms can Hb exist?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)

Deoxyhaemoglobin (Hb)

33
Q

How does oxygen bind to Hb?

A

The binding of one molecule of O2 causes a shape change that increases Hb’s affinity by exposing remaining oxygen-binding sites

34
Q

At what partial pressure is Hb said to be 90% saturated?

A

60mmHg

35
Q

What contributes to the pO2 of the blood?

A

Only dissolved oxygen (oxygen bond to Hb doesn’t)

36
Q

What factors cause Hb to have a lower affinity for O2?

A
  • Increased DPG
  • Increased temperature
  • Decreased pH (acidic)
37
Q

What factors cause Hb to have a lower affinity for O2?

A
  • Decreased DPG
  • Decreased temperature
  • Increased pH (alkaline)
38
Q

What is the effect of CO (carbon monoxide) on oxygen binding to Hb? (3)

A
  • CO has 200x greater affinity for oxygen binding sites on HB
  • CO competes w/ O2
  • Reduces Hb’s affinity for O2
39
Q

PaCO2 =

A

k V.CO2 / V.A

partial pressure of arterial CO2 is inversely related to alveolar ventilation

40
Q

What are the 3 ways CO2 is carried in the blood?

A
  1. Bound to Hb - carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO2)
  2. Plasma dissolved CO2
  3. As HCO3-
41
Q

What constitutes total-blood carbon dioxide?

A

Dissolved CO2
HCO3-
CO2 in HbCO2

42
Q

Why is venous blood (pH 7.36) only slightly more acidic than arterial blood (pH 7.4)?

A

Deoxyhaemoglobin buffers H+ so only a small amount of H+ generated remains free in the blood

43
Q

What are the 3 main pH buffering systems of the body??

A
  • Intracellular/ extracellular buffers
  • Lunds eliminating CO2
  • Renal HCO3- reabsorption and H+ excretion
44
Q

What can hypoventilation lead to?

A

Respiratory acidosis (decreased pH and HCO3-)

45
Q

What can hyperventilation lead to?

A

Respiratory alkalosis (increased pH and HCO3-)

46
Q

pH = (Henderson-Hasselbalch equation)

A

6.1 + log10([HCO3-] / [0.03*PCO2])

47
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases is independent of the pressure exerted by the other gases

48
Q

What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases?

A

The sum of the individual partial pressures exerted by the gases

49
Q

The partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to what?

A

Its concentration

50
Q

PAO2= (alveolar gas equation)

A

PiO2 - PaCO2 / R

R is the respiratory quotient

51
Q

What is the law of Laplace? Pressure=

A

P = 2T / r

52
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

The change in lung volume caused by a given change in transpulmonary pressure.
(Greater lung compliance, the more readily the lungs expand)

53
Q

What determines lung compliance?

A
  1. Stretchability of lung tissue

2. Surface tension of air-water interface of alveoli

54
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Detergent-like substance that reduces surface tension thus increasing lung compliance so lungs expand more easily

55
Q

How is fetal circulation different from adults?

A

3 ducts (foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and ductus venusom)
2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein

56
Q

What stimulates surfactant secretion?

A

Deep breaths, which stretch type 2 pneumocytes to secrete surfactant

57
Q

What does O2 do in systemic arteries?

A

Vasoconstrictor (as O2 needs to go to hypoxic tissues)

58
Q

What does O2 do in pulmonary arteries?

A

Vasodilator

59
Q

What does hypoxia/ acidosis/ CO2 do in systemic arteries?

A

Vasodilator

60
Q

What does hypoxia/ acidosis do in pulmonary arteries?

A

Vasoconstrictor

61
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in parasympathetic regulation of airways?

A

ACh

62
Q

What receptor is involved in parasympathetic regulation of airways?

A

M3 (muscarinic)

63
Q

Does parasympathetic regulation have a direct/ indirect effect on airways?

A

Direct

64
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in sympathetic regulation of airways?

A

Noradrenaline

65
Q

What receptor is involved in sympathetic regulation of airways?

A

B2 (beta-adrenergic)

66
Q

Does sympathetic regulation have a direct/ indirect effect on airways?

A

Indirect

RESP (7 decks)

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