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respiration BDS1 > lungs > Flashcards

lungs Flashcards

1
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3

upper, middle, lower

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2
Q

how many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2

upper, lower

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3
Q

which lung has the cardiac and aortic notch?

A

left

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4
Q

how does the bronchial tree branch?

A

one branch fro each lobe

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5
Q

what are the filter characteristics of the respiratory tract?

A

nose hair
- large particles of dirt and dust etc from air get trapped

mucous
- small particles from air (sticky)

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6
Q

which air entrance is more filtered?

A

nose

mouth is less (dirtier air)

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7
Q

when air enters the body what 3 things happen to it?

A

filtered

humidified to body temperature

cleaned

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8
Q

which is anterior the oesophagus or trachea?

A

trachea is anterior to the oesophagus

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9
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose

moth

pharynx

larynx

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10
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea

bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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11
Q

what are the divines of the bronchus?

A

main (primary)

lobar (secondary)

segamental (tertiary)

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12
Q

what is the cardia?

A

break between the right and left main bronchi

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13
Q

what bronchus is more vertical?

A

right bronchus is more vertical than left
- left is more lateral/flat

more likely to have thing go into right main branches due to gravity

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14
Q

what are the conducting zone components?

A

conducting brinchioles (4-20 branch points)

terminal branches

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15
Q

what are the respiratory zone components?

A

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs with alveolus

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16
Q

what happens when inhaling?

A

increased thoracic volume

so decreased pressure inside compared to outside
- air moves in

increase in pulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

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17
Q

what happens when exhaling?

A

decreased thoracic volume

increased pressure

air moves out

decreased in pulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric

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18
Q

what happens to muscles and alveoli in inhalation?

A

muscles contract
- needs energy (active process)

alveoli stretched open
- elastin protein around them

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19
Q

what happens to muscles and alveoli in exhalation?

A

muscles relax
- passive process

alveoli recoil
- drives exhalation

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20
Q

why do we repsire?

A

need O2
- respiration, metabolise food for ATP

release CO2

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21
Q

air pathway

A

oral and nasal cavity
connect at pharynx

larynx
___

trachea

2 main bronchi —> lobar bronchi —> segmental bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli air sacs

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22
Q

does the trachea have cartilage?

A

yes, the trachea has cartilage rings

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23
Q

do bronchi have cartilage?

A

no, bronchi does not have cartilage

- cartilage stops at trachea

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24
Q

alveoli properties

A

very thin walls - one cell thick

circulatory system passes right by alveoli

  • deoxygenated blood vessels from heart (pulmonary arteries)
  • molecules O2 absorbed into blood via alveoli capillaries
  • oxygenated blood returns to heart (pulmonary veins)
  • CO2 from blood diffuses into lungs and is exhales
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25
Q

macrophages

A

part of the innate immune system

agranulocytes

engulf pathogens in alveoli that were not caught by mucous earlier in respiratory tract - PHAGOCYTOSE
- important as difficult to treat infection when entered blood circulation

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26
Q

what is the fraction inspired O2?

A

FIO2 = 21%

nitrogen 78%
argon 1% (inert, doesn’t react in body)
others <1%

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27
Q

what is PO2 at entrance to body (mouth)?

A

= fraction inspired O2 x atmospheric pressure
= FIO2 x Patm
= 0.21 x 760mmHg
= 160mmHG

28
Q

why does PO2 decrease in lungs compared to entrance to body?

A

decrease due to water vapour

29
Q

what is PO2 in lungs?

A

= fraction inspired O2 x (Patm - PH20)
= 0.21 x (760mmHG - 47 mmHg)
= 0.21 x 713
= 150mmHg

30
Q

what is the respirator quotient?

A

RQ = 0.8

the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide evolved to that of oxygen consumed by an organism, tissue, or cell in a given time.

31
Q

is CO2 or O2 more soluble in pulmonary blood?

A

CO2 is 20 times more soluble than O2 in pulmonary blood

32
Q

what is Henry’s Law?

A

P / Kh = concentration at surface layer

increased solubility causes increased pressure

Kh is the likelihood of leaving liquid phase - constant

33
Q

higher partial pressure means….

A

more likely gas will enter liquid phase - soluble

34
Q

pathway for O2 to enter blood from alvoli

A

O2 enters liquid phase ro cross layer of fluid in alveolus

through epithelial

through basement membrane and connective tissue

through basement membrane (capillary side)

through endothelial cells and plasma

bind to haemoglobin in RBC
- have 4 O2 binding sites

35
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

nerves that detect pressure and stretch in vessels

send information to brain - regulates BP

36
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A

in carotid since and aortic arch

37
Q

what are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

detect pO2, pCO2 and pH level changes

made of supportive cells and glomus cells

have a lot of blood flwo

38
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

aortic body - on aortic arch

carotid bodies - near bifurcation of carotid arteries

39
Q

what nerve is connected to the aortic body?

A

vagus nerve CNX

40
Q

what nerve is connect to the carotid bodies?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX

41
Q

what is the effect of low pO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

glomus cells detect and depolarises

  • specialised K+ channels are inhibited so no out flow
  • Ca2+ flows in

release neurotransmitter dopamine from vesicles

sends AP down neuron
- level of O2 corresponds to amount neurotransmitter reeled (lower pO2 = more neurotransmitter = more APs)

42
Q

what is the effect of high pCO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

CO2 made by gloms cells
- diffuses out into blood

high pCO2 means difficult for CO2 to diffuse from gloms cells into blood
- build up of CO2 in glomus cells

glomus cells release neurotransmitter –> AP
- level of pCO2 correspisne to number of AP released

PCO2 has greater effect on central chemoreceptors

43
Q

where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

in CNS

posterior to DRG in brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata)

44
Q

what do respiratory centres receive information on?

A

respiratory centres are a collection of neurons which receive information on CO2

when high pCO2 there is a decreased diffusion gradient between blood and interstitial fluid
build up of H+ around central chemoreceptors
- cause more APs to be fired
- increased inspiration

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

45
Q

what do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

increased pCO2

increased H+ (lower pH)

but not decreased pO2
-only peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low pO2 (less than 60mmHg)

46
Q

what control voluntary breathing?

A

cerebrum

47
Q

why do we have voluntary controlled breathing?

A

playing wide instruments
holding breath
yelling
singing

48
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do?

A

send information on pressure, connected to nerve

e.g. baroreceptors; others in nose, lungs, GIT

49
Q

what is the hypothalamus role in respiration?

A

region of brain which sends information to respiratory centre to effect our breathing

response to emotions (anxiety, fear and pain) also temperature (e.g. jump into cold water)

50
Q

what is emphysema

A

gradual destruction of alveoli

healthy lungs have large SA for gas exchange
emphysema causes ruptured air sacs
- large spaces instead of many smaller places
- decreases SA for gas exchange

51
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflamed main bronchus

52
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflamed alveoli

53
Q

what is laryngitis

A

inflamed larynx

54
Q

what is the airs passageway from environment to alveoli?

A

nasal cavity

pharynx

epiglottis

larynx

tranchea

carina

main bronchus

lobar bronchus

segmental brings (tertiary)

conducting bronchioles

respiratory bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveoli

55
Q

what is surfactant

A

fluid made by type II alveolar cells

which decreases surface tension

56
Q

pleural cavity

A

contains serous fluid which facilitates lining movement within the thoracic cavity

57
Q

cilia role in respiratory tract

A

move contaminated mucus away from lungs and towards mouth so it can be expelled or swallowed

58
Q

pulmonary artery

A

brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

2 in total

59
Q

pulmonary veins

A

bring deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

4 in total

60
Q

what can cause adult onset asthma

A

skiing

cold, dry air damages lower respiratory tract

61
Q

chloride shift

A

70% of CO2 in pulmonary blood is in bircabonate form HCO3-

channels shunts bicarbonate into haemoglobin
- negative charge entered

counteracted as Cl- leaves to prevent membrane from becomin too negative

62
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

speeds up conversion of H2CO3 to CO2 and H2O (after HCO3- binds with H+)

only in blood cells not in circulating plasma
- plasma has slower CO2 release due to no enzyme action

63
Q

HCO3-

A

bicarbonate

weak base

64
Q

H2CO3

A

carbonic acid

weak acid

65
Q

R state haemoglobin

A

oxyhemoglobin

increase O2 affinity - loading
low CO2 and H+ affinity - unloading

66
Q

T state haemoglobin

A

deoxyheamglobin

decreased O2 affinity
high CO2 and H+ affinity

67
Q

Haldane effect

A

Oxygenation of blood in the lungs displaces carbon dioxide from haemoglobin which increases the removal of carbon dioxide (O2 loading)

Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced affinity for carbon dioxide (CO2 and H+ unloading)

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN CURVE

respiration BDS1 (5 decks)

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