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respiration BDS1 > intro and inspiration > Flashcards

intro and inspiration Flashcards

1
Q

PO2 at rest

A

100 +/- 2 mmHg

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2
Q

PCO2 at rest

A

40 +/- 2 mmHg

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3
Q

volume of O2 per min at rest

A

approx 250ml/min O2

max is 5l

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4
Q

volume of CO2 per min at rest

A

approx 200ml/min CO2

max is 6l

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5
Q

what is ventilation at rest?

A

approx 6l/min

12-16 breaths

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6
Q

what is cardiac output at rest?

A

approx 5l/min

70bpm

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7
Q

what is the maximum ventilation value?

A

160l/min

40 breaths

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8
Q

what is the maximum cardiac output value?

A

25l/min

200bpm

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9
Q

what is the blood air barrier?

A

blood vessel to alveolus

  • capillary endothelium basement membrane
  • interstitial space
  • basement membrane of alveolus fused
  • alveolar epithelium
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10
Q

what is physiological dead space?

A

total volume of gas in each breath that does noe participate in gas exchange

e.g. ventilated but not perfused

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11
Q

what is the Neurovascular bundle in the thorax?

A

intercostal vein
intercostal artery
intercostal nerve

VAN

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12
Q

what is respiratory epithelium?

A

ciliated pseudostartified columnar epithelium

with mucous

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13
Q

what is Boyle’s Law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
increase in pressure, decrease in ventilation

increase in ventilation, decrease in pressure

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14
Q

what are the 4 layers that are involved in respiratory gas exchange?

A

visceral pleura

pleura cavity (parietal space)

parietal pleura

parietal wall

chest wall

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15
Q

are the visceral and parietal pleura connected?

A

visceral and parietal pleura are tethered together

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16
Q

what is in the pleura cavity? (parietal space)

A

pleura cavity is filled with serous pleura fluid

to reduce friction, inflammation and tissue damage

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17
Q

what is pleurisy?

A

inflammation of the pleura
- the membrane that lines the lungs within the chest cavity

can be associated with:

  • an accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall (called a pleural effusion)
  • it can be dry pleurisy, which has no fluid accumulation.
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18
Q

what are the pressures involved in respiratory gas exchange?

A

intrapulmonary / intra-alveolar pressure (Ppul)

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

atmospheric / barometric pressure (Patm)

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19
Q

what is intrapulmonary / intra-alveolar pressure?

A

pressure inside the alveoli

Ppul = 760mmHg

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20
Q

what is intrapleural pressure?

A

pressure inside the thoracic cavity

Pip = 756mmHg

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21
Q

what is atmospheric / barometric pressure?

A

pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere (outside of body and lungs)

Patm = 760mmHg
at sea level

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22
Q

what do all pressures get compared to?

A

the atmospheric pressure

Patm = 760 mmHg = 0

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23
Q

so what is intrapulmonary pressure compared to atmospheric pressure?

A 
Ppul = 760 mmHg
Patm = 760 mmHg

therefore, Ppul = 0 as equal to Patm (Ppul - Patm)
ZERO PRESSURE

24
Q

what is intrapleural pressure compared to atmospheric pressure?

A 
Pip = 756 mmHg
Patm = 760 mmHg

therefore, Pip = -4 mmHg as it is less than Patm (Pip - Patm)
NEGATIVE PRESSURE

25
Q

what is Ppul?

A

intrapulmonary pressure
760mmHg
ZERO PRESSURE

26
Q

what is Pip?

A

intrapleural pressure
756mmHg
NEGATIVE PRESSURE

27
Q

what is Patm?

A

atmospheric / barometric pressure
760 mmHg

compare other pressures to this

28
Q

3 factors that make intrapleural pressure negative

A

elasticity of lungs
- collapsing

surface tension
- collapsing

elasticity of chest walls
- expand chest wall

ATTEMPTING TO INCREASE THORACIC CAVITY VOLUME
- lowering Pip

29
Q

what is elasticity?

A

want to recoil when stretched

30
Q

what is gravity’s impact on pressures in gas exchange?

A

pulls apex of lung down, pulling visceral pleura from parietal pleura

  • decreasing volume so increasing pressure at bottom of intrapleural cavity
  • increasing volume at top so decreasing pressure in intrapleural cavity
31
Q

what is transpulmonay pressure?

A

TP is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the pleural cavity.

= intrapulmonary pressure - intrapleural pressure
= Ppul - Pip
= 0mmHg - (-4 mmHg)
= 4 mmHg

positive value
so able to inflate
- During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients

32
Q

what is transthoracic pressure?

A

TTP is the difference between the pressure in the pleural space and the pressure at the body surface,

represents the total pressure required to expand or contract the lungs and chest wall

= Pip - Patm 
= (-4 mmHg) - 0 mmHg
= -4 mmHg
negative 
- tries to deflate
33
Q

what is transrespiratory pressure?

A

pressure difference between the airway opening and the body surface

used to describe the pressure required to inflate the lungs and the airways during PPV

= Ppul - Patm

34
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

phrenic nerve

35
Q

what are the roots of the phrenic nerve?

A

C3, 4, 5

keeps the diaphragm alive

36
Q

what are the external intercostals innervated by?

A

intercostal nerve

37
Q

what are the roots of the intercostal nerve?

A

T1 - T11

38
Q

what stimulates the the phrenic and intercostal nerve?

A

stimulated by cortical control and ventral respiratory group (VRG)
- nuclei in the medulla

39
Q

what is the effect of action potentials on external intercostals?

A

APs cause the external intercostals to contract

pull ribs outwards

  • increases the thoracic cavity volume
  • bucket handle movement

sternum pulled out and upwards

  • increases the thoracic cavity volume
  • pump handle movement
40
Q

what is the bucket handle movement?

A

APs causing the external intercostals to contract and pull the ribs outwards

41
Q

what is the pup handle movement?

A

APs cause the sternum to be pulled outward and upwards

42
Q

what is the effect of action potentials on the diaphragm?

A

APs cause the diaphragm to dome downwards

- increasing the thoracic volume greatly

43
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms that increase thoracic volume in quiet breathing?

A

diaphragm domed downwards by phrenic nerve innervation

ribs pulled outwards by external intercostals

sternum pulled up and outwards by external intercostals

44
Q

what is the effect of increase thoracic volume on pleura?

A

parietal pleura in pulled
visceral pleura is pulled with it

tethered together

45
Q

what is the effect on increased thoracic volume on pressures?

A

increased thoracic volume decreases pressure

in inspiration:
Ppul drops to -1mmHg
Pip drops to -6mmHg
Patm should not be effected

46
Q

what is Ppul in inspiration?

A

-1mmHg

dropped from 0

47
Q

what is Pip in inspiration?

A

-6mmHg

dropped from -4mmHg

48
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure in inspiration?

A

Ppul - Pip
(-1mmHg) - (-6mmHg)
= + 5mmHg

positive so able to inflate

49
Q

what is transthoracic pressure in inspiration?

A

Pip - Patm
(-6mmHg) - 0
= - 6mmHg

negative
chest wall want to recoil outwards
- pulling on it so helping to increase volume

50
Q

what is transrespiratoty pressure during inspiration?

A

Ppul - Patm
(-1mmHg) - 0
= -1mmHg

negative
so air can flow into lungs alveoli (high to low pressure)
- continues to flow into Ppul=Patm at peak inspiration

51
Q

what occurs in quiet inspiration?

A
  1. external intercostals and diaphragm contract
    (innervated by intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve)

2.
increase in thoracic cavity volume

3. 
intra pulmonary pressure (Ppul) decreases to -1mmHg
intrapleura pressure (Pip) decreases to -6mmHg
  1. Transpulmonary pressure TP in positive (+5mmHg)
    - lungs able to inflate

Transthroacic pressure TTP is negative (-6mmHg)
- outward elastic recoil of chest walls aids increase in volume

Transrespiratory pressure TRP is negative (-1mmHg)
- air flows into alveoli from environment

52
Q

what is different about forced inspiration compared to quiet?

A

requires additional muscles

53
Q

what additional muscles are needed in forced inspiration?

A

sternocleidomastoid
- elevates sternum

scalene

  • anterior, middle and posterior
  • pulls ribs

pectoralis minor
- pulls ribs

54
Q

what do the additional muscles in forced respiration all help to do?

A

increase thoracic cavity volume more

so greater decreases in pressure
Ppul = -2mmHg Pip = -7mmHg

so larger volume of air can flow into lungs as takes more time for Ppul=Patm

55
Q

when does air stop flowing into lungs?

A

what Ppul increases to equal Patm

at peak inspiration
Ppul=Patm
- air stops flowing into alveoli

respiration BDS1 (5 decks)

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