Lungs Flashcards
Hilum of the right lung
▪️surrounding hilum -right brachiocephalic vein -superior/inferior vena cava -oesophagus ▪️main bronchus-branches before hilum (posterior) ▪️pulmonary veins X 2 (inferior) ▪️pulmonary artery (superior) ▪️bronchial vessels (supply lung tissue) ▪️nerves and lymphatics ▪️pulmonary ligament
Hilum of the left lung
▪️surrounding hilum -arch of aorta -left subclavian artery- branch of aorta -oesophagus ▪️main bronchus- branches inside lung (posterior) ▪️pulmonary veins X 2 (inferior) ▪️pulmonary artery (superior) ▪️bronchial vessels (supply lung tissue) ▪️nerves and lymphatics ▪️pulmonary ligament
Pulmonary ligament
▪️fold of pleura that projects inferiorly from the root of the lung
▪️stabilises inferior lobe
▪️permits movement during respiration without damaging other structures
Innervation of lung
▪️vagus nerve X (parasympathetic)- posterior to root
-phrenic nerve runs anterior to root of lung and inner aged the diaphragm
Lobes and fissures of lungs
▪️right -superior lobe -horizontal fissure -middle lobe -oblique fissure -inferior lobe ▪️left -superior lobe -oblique fissure -inferior lobe
Borders of the lung
▪️inferior border-separates base from costal and mediastinal surfaces
▪️anterior and posterior- separates C and M surfaces anteriorly and posteriorly
▪️cardiac notch- on anterior border created by apex of heart on the left lung
▪️lingula- “tongue” of the left lung-between cardiac notch and inferior border
Bronchopulmonary segments
▪️an area of lung supplied by a segmental/tertiary bronchus and a pulmonary artery branch
▪️irregular cone shape with apex facing root
▪️smallest independent unit of lung and smallest area that can be removed without affecting other regions
▪️right-10
▪️left-8 (fuse)
Changing of the volume of the thoracic cavity
▪️diaphragm
-elevation and depression of diaphragm alters vertical dimensions
▪️rib cage
-elevation and depression of rib cage alters anterio-posterior dimensions
Diaphragm attachments
▪️sternocostal attachments -xiphoid process -lower 6 ribs ▪️vertebral attachments -crura and arcuate ligaments -right: L1-L3 -left: L1-L2
Diaphragm hiatuses
▪️IVC
-through the tendinous part in the centre (T8)
▪️oesophagus
-through muscle of diaphragm posterior side (T10)
▪️aorta
-against vertebrae
-held down by intercrura fibres -stabilise hiatus (T12)
Serous membranes
▪️smooth muscle which secretes serous fluid
▪️two membranes of epithelia cells
▪️line and enclose cavities
▪️continuous layer
▪️parietal- lines body walls
▪️visceral-lines organs
▪️eg-pleural, pericardial, peritoneal membranes
Development of pleural cavities
▪️laryngotracheal tube bifurcated into two lung buds
▪️the lung buds pushes their way into the coelomic cavity in the thorax
▪️the serous membrane surrounding the lung buds become visceral pleura
▪️the serous membrane surrounding the body walls become parietal pleura
▪️in between the different pleura is the pleura cavity which is very thin and contains pleural fluid
Divisions of parietal pleura
▪️cervical (round the apex of the lung)
▪️costal (underneath the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly)
▪️diaphragmatic (above the diaphragm)
▪️mediastinal (surround the mediastinum)
▪️pulmonary ligament (extra membrane surround hilum)
Extension of visceral pleura
▪️extends into the interlobar fissures (horizontal and oblique)
Innervation of parietal pleura
-somatic nerve supply
▪️costal and peripheral pleural- intercostal nerves
▪️mediastinal and diaphragmatic- phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
▪️responds to touch, temperature and pressure (can feel pain)
