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Evolutionary Adaptation > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

includes the oral and nasal cavities, the lungs, the series
of tubes leading to the lungs, and the chest structures responsible for moving air into and out of the lungs during breathing.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

The respiratory system includes

A

Oral, nasal cavity, the lungs, the chest

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3
Q

the adjective referring to “lungs.”

A

Pulmonary

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4
Q

lungs consist mainly of tiny air-containing sacs called ____ which number ap- proximately 300 million in the adult.

A

alveoli

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5
Q

The ___ are the sites of gas exchange with the blood.

A

alveoli

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6
Q

The ___ are all the tubes through which air flows between the external environment and the alveoli.

A

airways

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7
Q

_____ is the movement of air from the external environment through the airways into the alveoli during breathing. _____ is movement in the opposite direction.

A

Inspiration (inhalation), Expiration (exhalation)

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8
Q

an inspiration and an expiration constitute a

A

respiratory cycle.

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9
Q

During inspiration air passes through either the nose (the most common site) or mouth into the _____, a passage common to both air and food

A

pharynx (throat)

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10
Q

The pharynx branches into two tubes: the esoph- agus, through which food passes to the stomach, and the _____, which is part of the airways.

A

larynx

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11
Q

____ houses the vocal cords

A

larynx

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12
Q

____, two folds of elastic tissue stretched horizontally across its lumen.

A

vocal cords

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13
Q

The nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx are

termed the ____

A

upper airways

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14
Q

The larynx opens into a long tube

A

trachea

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15
Q

The first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage are termed

A

bronchioles

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16
Q

Alveoli first begin to appear in ,

A

respiratory bronchioles

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17
Q

The airways beyond the larynx can be divided into two zones:

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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18
Q

The _____ extends from the top of the trachea to the beginning of the respiratory bronchioles; it contains no alveoli and there is no gas exchange with the blood

A

conducting zone

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19
Q

The _____, which extends from the respiratory bronchi- oles on down, contains alveoli and is the region where gases exchange with the blood.

A

respiratory zone

20
Q

The production of this fluid is impaired in the disease ____, the most common lethal genetic disease of Caucasians, and the mucous layer becomes thick and dehydrated, obstructing the airways. The impaired secretion is due to a defect in the chloride channels involved in the secretory process

A

cystic fibrosis

21
Q

injured by cigarette smoke and air pollutants.

A

Macrophages and cilia

22
Q

cells that are present in the airways and alveoli

A

Macrophages

23
Q

Most of the air facing surface(s) of the wall are lined by a continuous layer, one cell thick, of flat epithelial cells termed

A

type I alveolar cells.

24
Q

between these cells are thicker, specialized cells termed _____ that produce a detergent-like substance, surfactant.

A

type II alveolar cells

25
Q

The lungs, like the heart, are situated in the____, the compartment of the body between the neck and ab- domen.

A

thorax

26
Q

The ___ is a closed compartment that is bounded at the neck by muscles and connective tissue and completely separated from the abdomen by a large, dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle, the diaphragm

A

thorax

27
Q

Each lung is surrounded by a completely closed sac, the

A

pleural sac,

28
Q

Each lung is surrounded by a completely closed sac, the pleural sac, consisting of a thin sheet of cells calle

A

Pleural

29
Q

two layers of pleura in each sac are so close to each other that normally they are always in vir- tual contact, but they are not attached to each other. Rather, they are separated by an extremely thin layer of

A

intrapleural fluid

30
Q

changes in the hydrostatic pressure of the intrapleural fluid ___ cause the lungs and thoracic wall to move in and out together during normal breathing.

A

intrapleural pressure (Pip)

31
Q

____ is defined as the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli.

A

Ventilation

32
Q

During ____ air moves into and out of the lungs because the alveolar pressure is alternately made less than and greater than atmospheric pressure

A

ventilation

33
Q

change in lung dimensions causes a change in alveolar pressure

A

Boyle’s law

34
Q

P1V1= P2V2

A

Boyle’s law

35
Q

lungs are passive elastic structures — like balloons — and their volume, therefore, depends upon:

A
  1. The difference in pressure termed the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)—between the inside and the outside of the lungs
  2. how stretchable the lungs are
36
Q

is defined as the tendency of an elastic structure to oppose stretching or distortion.

A

Elastic recoil

37
Q

____ is the essential factor keeping the lungs partially expanded and the chest wall partially compressed between breaths.

A

intrapleural pressure

38
Q

___ is the most important inspiratory muscle during normal quiet breathing

A

diaphragm

39
Q

When activation of the ____to the diaphragm causes it to contract, its dome moves downward into the abdomen, enlarging the thorax.

A

phrenic nerves

40
Q

when surfactant is deficient is the disease known as ____ his is a leading cause of death in premature infants, in whom the surfacant- synthesizing cells may be too immature to function

A

respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

41
Q

type 11 alveolar cells secrete a detergent-like substance known as pulmonary ____, which markedly reduces the cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface infant can inspire only by the most strenuous ef- forts, which may ultimately cause complete exhaustion, inability to breathe, lung collapse, and death.

A

surfactant

42
Q

___ is a disease characterized by intermittent episodes in which airway smooth muscle contracts strongly, markedly increasing airway resistance. The basic defect in____ is chronic inflammation of the airways. the causes of which vary from person to per- son and include, among others, allergy, viral infections, and sensitivity to environmental factors

A

Asthma

43
Q

(1) emphysema,
(2) chronic bronchitis, or
(3) a combination of the two.

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

44
Q

is characterized by excessive mucus production in the bronchi and chronic inflammatory changes in the small airways. The cause of obstruction is an accumulation of mucus in the air- ways and thickening of the inflamed airways.

A

Chronic bronchitis

45
Q

___ is used to aid a person choking on a foreign body caught in and obstructing the upper airways. A sudden increase in abdominal pressure. is produced as the rescuer’s fists, placed against the victim’s abdomen slightly above the navel ncreased abdominal pressure forces the diaphragm upward into the thorax, reducing thoracic size ncreasing alveolar pressure. The forceful expiration produced by the increased alve- olar pressure often expels the object caught in the respiratory tract

A

Heimlich maneuver

46
Q

exists when there is an increase in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation. ___ if the alveolar ventilation cannot keep pace with the carbon dioxide production.

A

Hypoventilation

47
Q

___ exists when there is a decrease in the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation—that is, when alveolar ventilation is actually too great for the amount of carbon dioxide being produce. repre- sents increased ventilation relative to metabolism

A

Hyperventilation

Evolutionary Adaptation (2 decks)

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