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Evolutionary Adaptation > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

In the systemic circuit, blood leaves the left ventricle via a single large artery

A

Aorta

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2
Q

The arteries of the systemic circulation branch off the aorta, dividing into progressively smaller vessels. The smallest arteries branch into

A

arterioles

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3
Q

arterioles branch into a huge number (estimated at 10 billion) of very small vessels which unite to form larger diameter vessels

A

capillaries

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4
Q

larger diameter vessels venules

A

venules

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5
Q

The arterioles, capillaries, and venules are collectively termed

A

microcirculation.

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6
Q

the veins from the various peripheral organs and tissues unite to produce two large veins, It is by way of these two veins that blood is returned to the right atrium.

A

inferior vena cava & superior vena cava

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7
Q

blood leaves the lungs via four

A

pulmonary veins

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8
Q

the two ____ one supplying the right lung and the other the left.

A

pulmonary arteries

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9
Q

Blood leaves the right ventricle via a single large artery, which divides into

A

Pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries

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10
Q

Lungs receive all the blood pumped by the

A

Right ventricle, right side of the heart

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11
Q

each of the peripheral organs and tissues receives only a fraction of the blood pumped by

A

Left ventricles, left side of the heart

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12
Q

exceptions, for the liver, kidneys, and pituitary In those organs, blood passes through two capillary beds, arranged in series, before returning to the heart. This pattern is known as a

A

portal system

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13
Q

F

A

blood Flow

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14
Q

pressure exerted by any fluid, it denotes the force exerted by the blood. This force is generated in the blood by the con- traction of the heart,

A

hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

equation for blood flow

A

F = triangleP/R

flow=

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16
Q

_how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference. ___ is the measure of the friction that impedes flow.

A

resistance (R)

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17
Q

One determinant of resistance is the fluid property known as

A

Viscosity

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18
Q

_____is a function of the friction between molecules of a flowing fluid; the greater the friction, the greater the

A

Viscosity

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19
Q

Three things that determine resistance

A

fluid Viscosity, length of tube, and inside radius of tube

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20
Q

Chambers through which blood flows from veins to ventricles. Atrial contraction adds to ventricular filling but is not essential for it.

A

Atria

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21
Q

Chambers whose contractions produce the pressures that drive blood through the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems and back to the heart.

A

Ventricles

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22
Q

Low-resistance tubes conducting blood to the various organs with little loss in pressure. They also act as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow during ventricular relaxation.

A

Arteries

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23
Q

Major sites of resistance to flow; responsible for the pattern of blood flow distribution to the various organs; participate in the regulation of arterial blood pressure.

A

Arterioles

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24
Q

Sites of nutrient, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissues.

A

Capillaries

25
Q

Sites of nutrient, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissues

A

Venules

26
Q

Low-resistance conduits for blood flow back to the heart. Their capacity for blood is adjusted to facilitate this flow

A

Veins

27
Q

liquid portion of blood that contains dissolved nutrients, ions, wastes, gases, and other substances. Its composition equilibrates with that of interstitial fluid at the capillaries.

A

Plasma

28
Q

Includes erythrocytes that function mainly in gas transport, leukocytes that function in immune defenses, and platelets (cell fragments) for blood clotting.

A

Cells

29
Q

heart is a muscular organ enclosed in a fibrous sac, the located in the chest (thorax)

A

Pericardium

30
Q

fibrous membrane is closely affixed to the heart and is called the

A

epicardium

31
Q

The walls of the heart are composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells called

A

myocardium

32
Q

inner surface of the cardiac chambers, as well as the inner wall of all blood vessels, is lined by a thin layer of cells

A

endothelial cells

33
Q

between the atrium and ventricle in each half of the heart are the ____ which permit blood to flow from atrium to ventricle but not from ventricle to atrium

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves,

34
Q

The left AV has two flaps and is thus called the bicuspid valve.

A

bicuspid valve.

35
Q

right AV valve is called the ___ because it has three fibrous flaps

A

tricuspid valve

36
Q

Adjacent cells are joined end to end at structures called

A

Intercalated disk

37
Q

1 percent of cardiac cells do not function in contraction, but have specialized features that are essential for normal heart excitation. These cells constitute a network known a

A

Conduction System

38
Q

The ____ initiates the heartbeat and helps spread the impulse rapidly throughout the heart.

A

conducting system

39
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers re- lease primarily

A

norepinephrine

40
Q

the parasympathetics release primarily

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

arteries supplying the myocardium

A

coronary arteries

42
Q

the blood flowing through them is termed the

A

coronary blood flow

43
Q

The number of times the heart contracts per minute.

A

heart rate

44
Q

The inability of the heart to generate tetanic contractions is the result of the long absolute defined as the period during and following an action potential when an excitable mem- brane cannot be re-excited.

A

refractory period

45
Q

he period of ventricular contraction and blood ejection is called

A

systole

46
Q

a period of ventricular relaxation and blood filling

A

diastole

47
Q

During the first part of systole, the ventricles are con- tracting but all valves in the heart are closed, and so no blood can be ejected. This period is termed ____ contraction because the ventricular volume is constant

A

isovolumetric ventricular

48
Q

Once the rising pressure in the ventricles exceeds that in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, the aortic and pulmonary valves open, and the ____ period of systole occurs.

A

ventricular ejection

49
Q

he volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole is termed the

A

stroke volume (SV).

50
Q

At this time the AV valves are also closed. Thus, no blood is entering or leaving the ven- tricles since once again all the valves are closed. Ventricular volume is not changing, therefore, and this period is termed

A

isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

51
Q

Two ___ resulting from cardiac contraction are normally heard through a stethoscope placed on the chest wall. The first sound, a soft low-pitched lub, is associated with closure of the AV valves; the second sound, a louder dup, These sounds, which result from vibrations caused by the closing valves, are perfectly normal

A

heart sounds

52
Q
  • first sound, a soft low-pitched ___ is associated with closure of the AV valves;
  • marks the onset of systole
A

lub

53
Q

second sound, a louder __, is associated with closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves
-onset of diastole.

A

dup

54
Q

Other sound, sign of heart disease

A

heart murmurs

55
Q

____ can be produced by blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve (stenosis), by blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve (insufficiency), or by blood flowing between the two atria or two ventricles through a small hole in the wall separating them (called a septal defect)

A

Murmurs

56
Q

blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve. a murmur heard throughout

A

stenosis

57
Q

blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve

A

Insufficiency

58
Q

blood flowing between the two atria or two ventricles through a small hole in the wall separating them

A

septal defect

59
Q

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called the

A

cardiac output (CO)

Evolutionary Adaptation (2 decks)

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