Lungs

Question 1

What structures pass through the hilum of the lung?

Answer 1

• Pulmonary artery and vein (most anterior)
• Right and left main bronchus (most posterior)
• Bronchial artery and vein
• Lymph nodes
• Autonomic nerves

Question 2

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?

Answer 2

10

Question 2

Describe the course of a clot from the deep veins of the calf to the pulmonary artery.

Answer 2

Popliteal vein → femoral vein → EIV → CIV → IVC → right atrium → AV valve → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery

Question 3

What is the nerve relations to the hilum (anterior and posterior)?

Answer 3

Phrenic nerve anterior, Vagus nerve posterior

Question 3

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 3

Pleural fold that connects the mediastinal surface of the lung and the pericardium to allow expansion of pulmonary veins with increased blood flow

Question 4

What is the nerve supply of the intercostal muscles?

Answer 4

Intercostal nerves and their collateral branches

Question 5

What is Subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 5

Retrograde flow of blood flow down to the vertebral artery due to stenoocclusive disease in the subclavian artery proximal to the vertebral artery. This will lead to brainstem ischemia on arm exercise.

Question 6

What is Thoracic outlet syndrome?

Answer 6

Compression of the neurovascular bundle (brachial plexus, subclavian artery) between the scalenus medius and scalenus anterior, resulting in neurological and vascular symptoms in the arm.

Question 6

Where should a chest tube be placed on the skeleton?

Answer 6

5th ICS midaxillary line

Question 7

Why does bradycardia occur after chest tube insertion?

Answer 7

Due to irritation of the vagus nerve.