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Respiratory > Lung ventilation and introduction to the respiratory system > Flashcards

Lung ventilation and introduction to the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system make up the conducting portion?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
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2
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system make up the respiratory portion?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

What do we mean by anatomical dead space within the respiratory system?

A
  • The volume of air in the conducting airways
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4
Q

What do we mean by alveolar dead space within the respiratory system?

A
  • Air in alveoli (not perfused or damaged) which do not take part in gas exchange
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5
Q

Tidal volume =

A
  • Anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation
  • It’s the volume of air being moved
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6
Q

Total pulmonary ventilation =

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

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7
Q

Alveolar ventilation =

A

(Tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

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8
Q

What is the normal value for respiratory rate?

A
  • 12-20 breaths per minute
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9
Q

Define respiration

A
  • The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a membrane either in the lungs or at the cellular.
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10
Q

Define ventilation

A
  • Ventilation is the process of inspiration and expiration
  • The physical action of breathing and moving air into and out of the lung.
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11
Q

How do we move air into and out of the lungs?

A
  • Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.
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12
Q

What happens to the lungs as we breathe in?

A
  • Ribs move up and out due to contraction of intercostal muscles.
  • Diaphragm flattens
  • Intrathoracic volume increases
  • Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  • Elastic tissue in alveoli is stretched
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13
Q

What happens to the lungs as we breathe out?

A
  • Ribs fall due to relaxation of intercostal muscles.
  • Diaphragm moves up
  • Volume of thoracic cavity decreases and volume of lungs reduces.
  • Pressure in chest increases until it is equal to atmospheric pressure.
  • This is passive
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14
Q

What are the pleurae of the lungs?

A
  • A pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs.
  • Parietal pleura lines the inside of each hemi-thorax
  • Visceral pleura lines the outside of the lung
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15
Q

What is the intrapleural space?

A
  • Intrapleural space = space between visceral and parietal pleura - contains 15ml fluid

-Looks like a shiny member over the lung

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16
Q

What is the pleural seal?

A
  • Surface tension between the pleural surfaces created by the presence of thin film of pleural fluid
  • This holds the outer surface of the lung to the inner surface of the chest wall.
17
Q

Outline the importance of negative intrapleural pressure in the lungs

A
  • It remains negative throughout inspiration and expiration relative to atmosphere and intra-alveolar pressure.
  • This keeps the alveoli and lungs from fully collapsing with each expiration.
18
Q

What creates a negative pressure within the intrapleural space?

A
  • Lungs have a natural inward elastic recoil while the chest wall has a natural outward elastic recoil.
19
Q

What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A
  • Volume of air at resting expiratory level - i.e. the volume of air that remains in the lungs after we have breathed in and out.
20
Q

Describe how the intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure changes during breathing

A
  • Inspiration - intrapulmonary pressure negative relative to atmosphere.
  • Expiration - intrapulmonary pressure positive relative to atmosphere.
  • Intrapleural pressure stays negative throughout
21
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A
  • Intrapulmonary pressure minus intrapleural pressure
22
Q

What is lung compliance?

A
  • Measure of distensibility - change in volume relative to change in pressure.
  • Basically measures how stretchy the lungs are.
  • If lungs are scarred or stiff = less stretchy
  • If elasticity is lost = too stretchy
23
Q

What is lung compliance related to?

A
  • Inversely related to connective tissue surrounding alveoli - when connective tissue is low, compliance is high.
  • Inversely related to alveolar fluid surface tension
24
Q

How are elastic recoil and compliance in competition with each other?

A
  • The greater the amount of elastic tissue, the greater the elastic recoil, but the lower the compliance.
25
Q

What is elasticity?

A
  • The tendency of something that has been distended to return to its original size.
  • Directly related to connective tissue surrounding alveoli.
  • Directly related to alveolar fluid surface tension.
26
Q

Why do we need surfactant in our lungs?

A
  • Individual alveoli all contain a highly thin inner lining of water-based fluid.
  • The surface tension of this fluid exerts a collapsing force on the alveolus.
  • Surfactant breaks this surface tension so the alveoli don’t collapse.
27
Q

What creates resistance in the airways?

A
  • Surface tension
  • Small diameter of airways - there are many small airways though, so overall resistance is low.
28
Q

Which factors can affect airway diameter?

A
  • Mucus in airways
  • Intrapulmonary pressure gradients
  • Radial traction
29
Q

What is the significance of the airways being connected in parallel?

A
  • Reduces overall resistance
  • Creates alternative routes through which air can pass
  • Combined resistance of downstream branches is always less than higher up so it’s easier for air to flow deeper into the lungs.
  • Highest resistance is in upper airways.
30
Q

What do forced inspiration and expiration require?

A
  • Lung reserve volumes
  • Involvement of more muscles
31
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalene muscles
  • Serratus anterior
  • Pectoralis major
32
Q

What are the accessory muscles of expiration?

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal wall muscles

Respiratory (21 decks)

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