Lung Tumor & Lesion of Upper Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Lung Tumor

Answer 1

a condition that causes cells to divide in the lung uncontrollably which will cause the growth of tumors that reduce a person’s ability to breath

Question 2

Are lung tumors mostly due to carcinogens or other miscellaneous causes?

Answer 2

carcinomas

Question 3

What is the most common benign tumor that shows up as a coin lesion?

Answer 3

hamartoma

Question 4

What are the 4 major histologic types of lung carcinomas?

Answer 4

1. adenocarcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
3. small cell carcinoma (a subtype of neuroendocrine carcinoma)
4. large cell carcinoma

Question 5

Which therapy has been approved for NSCLC and is being tested in SCLC

Answer 5

immunotherapy

Question 6

What are the 5 causes of lung cancer?

Answer 6

1. smoking
2. air pollution
3. asbestos
4. radon gas
5. genetics

Question 7

What is responsible for mutations that give rise to various lung cancers?

Answer 7

cigarette smoking and to a much lesser extent, environmental carcinogens

Question 8

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Answer 8

smoking-related lung tumors arise by a step-wise accumulation of driver mutations that transform benign cells into neoplasms possessing the hallmark of cancer. The sequence of molecular changes are not random. They follow a sequence that parallels the histologic progression toward cancer.

Question 9

How do carcinomas of the lung start off?

Answer 9

They start off as small lesions that are typically firm and grey-like

Question 10

—?

Answer 10

____ may arise as intraluminal masses, invade the bronchial mucosa, or form large bulky masses pushing into adjacent lung parenchyma. Grow slowly and form smaller masses but metastasize widely at an early stage.

Question 11

Adenocarcinogens are found where?

Answer 11

Usually peripherally located but also occurs closer to the hilum

Question 12

Adenocarcinogens growth patterns

Answer 12

acinar (gland-forming)
papillary
mucinous

Question 13

Squamous cell carcinoma most common in what sex

Answer 13

men

Question 14

Squamous cell carcinogen is loosely correlated with smoking history and occurs centrally in the major bronchi

Answer 14

false- they are closely correlated with smoking history

Question 15

Describe carcinoma in situ

Answer 15

It is a phase that may last for several years. Atypical cells may be identified in cytologic smears of sputum or in bronchial lavage fluids or brushing but the lesions are asymptomatic and undetectable on radiographs

Question 16

What are large cell carcinomas?

Answer 16

undifferentiated malignant epithelial tumors that lack cytologic features of neuroendocrine carcinoma and show no evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation

Question 17

Small cell lung carcinomas

Answer 17

Usually appear as pale gray, centrally located masses that extend into the lung parenchyma

Question 18

SCLC description

Answer 18

relatively small tumor cells that are round fusiform in shape, scant cytoplasm, and finely granular chromatin with a salt and pepper appearance

Question 19

Clinical Features of Carcinomas of Lungs

Answer 19

• Insidious and can sometimes be spread and be unresectable before they produce symptoms
• chronic cough and expectoration may be enough to call attention to localized resectable disease
• By the time other symptoms present themselves (hoarseness, chest pain, superior vena cava syndrome, pericardial or pleural effusion, etc.) the prognosis is poor
• when the tumor presents with symptoms, it’s usually caused by metastatic spread to sites such as the brain, liver, or bones

Question 20

Which carcinomas carry a more favorable prognosis than SCLC?

Answer 20

squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma carry a more favorable prognosis than SCLC

Question 21

What are possible cure for squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas if detected early

Answer 21

Possible cure by lobectomy or pneumonectomy

Question 22

EGFR

Answer 22

epidermal growth factor receptor

Question 23

SCLC

Answer 23

small cell lung carcinoma

Question 24

NSCLC

Answer 24

non-small cell lung cancer

Question 25

What kind of carcinomas could show remarkable responses to specific inhibitors?

Answer 25

unresectable adenocarcinomas that are associated with targetable mutations in tyrosine kinases like EGFR

Question 26

What percent of lung cancer is caused by smoking?
A. 80%
B. 90%
C. 50%
D. 60%

Answer 26

80%

Question 27

Quitting smoking repairs damage that leads to lung cancer. T/F

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Lung cancer is the #1 cancer killer in the US. T/F

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Of the four basic cell types of lung cancer listed, which is always associated with smoke?
A. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma
B. Squamous cell carcinoma
C. Adenocarcinoma
D. Undifferentiated carcinoma

Answer 29

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 30

Which statement is true of surgery for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?
A. Post-operative mortality rats is approximately 10%
B. ~30% of patients are suitable for resection at diagnosis
C. Pneumonectomy is the commonly performed operation
D. Surgery offers the best chance of cure

Answer 30

D. Surgery offers the best chance of cure

Question 31

Which one of the following statements is true of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?
A. Surgery is the most important treatment modality
B. Limited stage disease describes diseases less than T2 N1 M0
C. ~80% of patients respond to chemotherapy
D. Prophylactic cranial irradiation has been shown to improve survival

Answer 31

C. ~80% of patients respond to chemotherapy