Kidney--Exam II Flashcards
What is the kidney’s function?
- Waste excretion
- Fluid and electrolyte regulation
- Acid-base homeostasis
- Secretion of hormones and prostaglandins
–> Calcium
–>RBC production
Renal Physiology
Renal elimination of drugs and metabolites includes filtration, reabsorption, and active tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood
Tubular reabsorption
removes useful substances from the filtrate and returns them to the blood for reuse
Tubular secretion
adds water from the blood to the filtrate
Water reabsorption
removes water from the filtrate and returns it to the blood for reuse
Causes of Acute Renal Failure
prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal
prerenal
Sudden and severe drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness
intrarenal
Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply
postrenal
Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Progressive deterioration in the kidney function and in time, characterized by irreversible structural damage to existing nephrons
What is an early marker for kidney disease?
protein in urine
End-stage renal disease (stage 5) requires chronic hemodialysis. T/F
True
Leading causes of chronic kidney disease
- uncontrolled diabetes
- uncontrolled hypertension
- glomerulonephritis
Azotemia
-increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr)
Uremia
Clinical manifestations due to other metabolic and endocrine alterations due to renal damage
What are the 4 components of disease etiology?
- glomeruli
- tubules
- interstitium
- blood vessels
What is the Bowman’s space?
The Bowman’s space, also known as the urinary space, is the cavity where the filtrate plasma is collected
The Glomerulus…
a network of capillaries in between 2 layers of epithelium
-visceral epithelium (composed of podocytes) - along the capillary wall
-parietal epithelium - around Bowman’s capsule (urinary space)
Glomerulus Components of the filtration unit
- fenestrated endothelial cells
- glomerular basement membrane (GBM) - consists of collagen and glycoproteins
- podocytes - cells with foot process that are embedded in and adherent to lamina rara externa
- mesanglial cells - support the glomerular tuft, are capable of proliferation, and secrete mediators in response to cytokines and other factors
Glomerulus Function
selective permeability to water and small solutes
Primary glomerular disease
kidney is the only predominant organ involved
List primary glomerular disease
- minimal-change disease
- focal segmented glomeruloscerosis
- membranous nephropathy
- acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
- membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- IgA nephropathy
- dense deposit disease
- C3 glomerulonephritis
Secondary glomerular disease
Injury caused by other systemic diseases
