Kidney--Exam II

Question 1

What is the kidney’s function?

Answer 1

• Waste excretion
• Fluid and electrolyte regulation
• Acid-base homeostasis
• Secretion of hormones and prostaglandins
  –> Calcium
  –>RBC production

Question 2

Renal Physiology

Answer 2

Renal elimination of drugs and metabolites includes filtration, reabsorption, and active tubular secretion

Question 3

Glomerular filtration

Answer 3

Creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

Question 4

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 4

removes useful substances from the filtrate and returns them to the blood for reuse

Question 5

Tubular secretion

Answer 5

adds water from the blood to the filtrate

Question 6

Water reabsorption

Answer 6

removes water from the filtrate and returns it to the blood for reuse

Question 7

Causes of Acute Renal Failure

Answer 7

prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal

Question 8

prerenal

Answer 8

Sudden and severe drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness

Question 9

intrarenal

Answer 9

Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply

Question 10

postrenal

Answer 10

Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumor, or injury

Question 11

Chronic Kidney Disease

Answer 11

Progressive deterioration in the kidney function and in time, characterized by irreversible structural damage to existing nephrons

Question 12

What is an early marker for kidney disease?

Answer 12

protein in urine

Question 13

End-stage renal disease (stage 5) requires chronic hemodialysis. T/F

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Leading causes of chronic kidney disease

Answer 14

• uncontrolled diabetes
• uncontrolled hypertension
• glomerulonephritis

Question 15

Azotemia

Answer 15

-increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr)

Question 16

Uremia

Answer 16

Clinical manifestations due to other metabolic and endocrine alterations due to renal damage

Question 17

What are the 4 components of disease etiology?

Answer 17

• glomeruli
• tubules
• interstitium
• blood vessels

Question 18

What is the Bowman’s space?

Answer 18

The Bowman’s space, also known as the urinary space, is the cavity where the filtrate plasma is collected

Question 19

The Glomerulus…

Answer 19

a network of capillaries in between 2 layers of epithelium
-visceral epithelium (composed of podocytes) - along the capillary wall
-parietal epithelium - around Bowman’s capsule (urinary space)

Question 20

Glomerulus Components of the filtration unit

Answer 20

• fenestrated endothelial cells
• glomerular basement membrane (GBM) - consists of collagen and glycoproteins
• podocytes - cells with foot process that are embedded in and adherent to lamina rara externa
• mesanglial cells - support the glomerular tuft, are capable of proliferation, and secrete mediators in response to cytokines and other factors

Question 21

Glomerulus Function

Answer 21

selective permeability to water and small solutes

Question 22

Primary glomerular disease

Answer 22

kidney is the only predominant organ involved

Question 23

List primary glomerular disease

Answer 23

• minimal-change disease
• focal segmented glomeruloscerosis
• membranous nephropathy
• acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
• membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
• IgA nephropathy
• dense deposit disease
• C3 glomerulonephritis

Question 24

Secondary glomerular disease

Answer 24

Injury caused by other systemic diseases

Question 25

List of secondary Glomerulopathies to systemic diseases

Answer 25

*lupus nephritis (systemic lupus erythematosus)
*diabetic nephropathy
- glomerulopathy secondary to multiple myeloma
- Goodpasture syndrome
- microscopic polyangiitis
- granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura
- Bacterial endocarditis-related glomerulonephritis
- Thrombotic microangiopathy

Question 26

Hereditary Disorders

Answer 26

• Alport syndrome
• Fabry disease
• Podocyte/slit-diaphragm protein mutations

Question 27

Non-immune mechanisms of Glomerular Injury

Answer 27

• podocyte injury
• nephron loss