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Respiratory > Lung innervation > Flashcards

Lung innervation Flashcards

1
Q

Where does trachea run from?

A

Larynx C6 to carina T5

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2
Q

What is structure trachea?

A

Semicircular cartilaginous rings, incomplete posteriorly

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3
Q

What is histology of trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with interspersed goblet cells

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4
Q

Function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucin
Create protective mucus layer

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5
Q

What is function of trachea?

A

Passage for air
Moistens and warms when passes into lungs
Protect respiratory surface from accumulation foreign particles

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6
Q

Function of bronchi?

A

Transport air to R and L lungs

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7
Q

What bronchi is most vertical? Why?

A

R main bronchus- vertical
Left accommodates aortic arch beneath

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8
Q

Where are most likely to get something stuck?

A

Right main bronchus

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9
Q

What does the R main bronchus divide into?

A

Lobar bronchi
3 lobes- lower, middle, upper

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10
Q

What does L main bronchus divide into?

A

2 lobes- upper lingular and lower (sup and inf)

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11
Q

What does trachea branch?

A

Trachea
L and R main bronchi
Segmental bronchus
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles- start resp
Alveolus

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12
Q

What part of bronchial system has highest restriction to air flow?

A

Respiratory

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13
Q

What are the two types of bronchioles?

A

Terminal
Respiratory- alveoli
- highest restriction to airflow
- gas exchange in neonates

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14
Q

What do pulmonary lobules contain?

A

Smaller bronchioles, alveoli

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15
Q

What epithelium is this?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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16
Q

Name the cell?

A
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17
Q
A
18
Q

What is the carina
What lvl?

A

Inferior termination of trachea into R and L main bronchi Sits at level of the sternal angle
T4/T5 vertebral level in thoracic plane.

18
Q

What is the carina
What lvl?

A

Inferior termination of trachea into R and L main bronchi Sits at level of the sternal angle
T4/T5 vertebral level in thoracic plane.

19
Q

Label

A
20
Q

What are different types of alveoli? Function?

A

Type 1- Gas exchange
Type 2- Surfactant production

21
Q

What connects adjacent alveoli? Function?

A

Pores of Kohn
Allows movement macrophages
1 per 3 alveoli

22
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

1) Thin walls composed of single layer cells- minimise
diffusion distance.
2) Walls moist helps gases diffuse
3) Lots blood capillaries- exchange of gases with the
bloodstream
4) High diffusion gradient maintained aid incorporation O2
into blood and remove CO2.

23
Q

How many divisions from trachea to alveoli?

A

24

24
Q

What is blood supply to alveoli?

A

1,000 capillaries
Each cap supplies multiple alveoli

25
Q

How thick is the bm? What type?

A

1um thick
Fused bm

26
Q

Function of type 2 alveoli?

A

Surfactant production

27
Q

What is innervation of trachea?

A

Parasympathetic supply- recurrent laryngeal nerves,
branches of vagus nerve

28
Q

What causes bronchodilation trachea?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Beta2 adrenergic receptors
Adenylyl cyclase
Camp

29
Q

What causes bronchoconstriction trachea?

A

Parasympathetic
Cholinergic receptors

30
Q

How to treat asthma?

A

Anti-muscarinics (anti para)
Enable bronchodilation

31
Q

What are asthma treatments?

A

Tiotropium- long acting
Ipratropium- short acting
Beta 2 agonists- salbutamol

32
Q

Define physiological deadspace and volume?

A

175ml
Anatomical ds + Alveolar ds

33
Q

Anatomical deadspace

A

150 ml
Upper airways- gas exchange doesn’t occur
Conducting airways-terminal bronchioles

33
Q

Explain anatomical deadspace?
Volume?

A

150 ml
Upper airways- gas exchange doesn’t occur
Conducting airways-terminal bronchioles

34
Q

Explain alveolar deadspace?
Volume?

A

25 ml
No perfusion

35
Q

What are 7 layers of gas exchange?

A

Fluid lining alveolus
Layer of epithelial cells – type I pneumocytes
Basement membrane of type I cells
Interstitial space
Basement membrane
Endothelia
Erythrocyte

36
Q

What is the outer layer of pleura called?

A

Parietal pleura- attaches chest wall

37
Q

What is the inner layer of pleura called?

A

Visceral pleura
Cover lungs, blood vessels, bronchi

38
Q

Function of pleura

A

Protect and cushion lungs
Secretes serous fluid- act lubricant

39
Q

Function of serous fluid in lungs

A

Lubricates pleural surface- easy slide
Generate surface tension- pull parietal and visceral pleura together- ensure when thorax expands- lung expands

39
Q

Function of serous fluid in lungs

A

Lubricates pleural surface- easy slide
Generate surface tension- pull parietal and visceral pleura together- ensure when thorax expands- lung expands

Respiratory (8 decks)

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