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Respiratory > Host defense in lungs > Flashcards

Host defense in lungs Flashcards

1
Q

List non-immune defense mechanisms?

A

1) Resp. epithelia- ciliated columnar cells with mucosal glands-
mucociliary clearance
2) Production of: antimicrobial molecules- a & b defensins
antiproteinases- lysozyme
surfactants (A &D) for opsonization (mark)
3) Commensal bacterial population- stimulate immune system
4) Coughing- expulsive reflex- voluntary control, clearance of
irritants
5) Sneezing- involuntary reflex- response nasal mucosa irritation/
excess fluid in airway
6) Multipotent basal cell population- differentiate into resp.
epithelial cells if damaged
7) Surfactant oxygenizes bacteria- causes phagocytosis

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2
Q

What is innate immune system?

A

Born with

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3
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Acquired

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4
Q

State innate immune defenses?

A

1) Specialist macrophages- Dendritic cells
Kupffer cells (liver) and alveolar
Macrophages
Initiate acute inflammation via cytokines + antigen presentation
via MHC II
2) Neutrophils: 70% of leukocyte population
Primary granules release- myeloperoxidase, elastase, defensins
- hydrolytic enzymes
- storage site
Secondary granules- lysozyme, collagenase
Kill by enzyme release, generation ROS by NADPH oxidase
3) Eosinophils- express receptors 0.5-1% leukocytes
4) Basophils- largest, smallest number

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5
Q

Where are kuppfer cells found?

A

Liver

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6
Q

What percentage of neutrophil pop do leukocytes account for?
How many prod/min

A

70%
80 mn prod every min

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7
Q

What are three granulocytes?

A

1) Neutrophils: most common type, neutrophils attack bacteria
2) Eosinophils: present almost all immune responses- allergies
3) Basophils: primarily combat allergic reactions

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8
Q

What is the most common type of granulocyte?

A

Neutrophil

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9
Q

What is the biggest granulocyte?

A

Basophil

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10
Q

What percentage of leukocyte population do neutrophils represent?

A

70%

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11
Q

Explain adaptive immune defense?

A

Mediated- B and T lymphocytes (humoral and cell-mediated)
Activation through receptor binding to epitopes of antigens on pathogen surface, free antigens in plasma or through peptides presented via MHCs
Variable region of receptors generated through VDJ gene recombination, allowing immense variety of receptors, able to bind novel antigens
Upon binding of receptor, somatic hypermutation occurs to select for receptors with higher affinity (affinity maturation)
Treg cells responsible for removal of cells that have receptors capable of binding self antigens – immune tolerance
With initial exposure to pathogen, primary immune response is low level, but further exposures produce larger responses as more memory cells produced which have higher affinity receptors and antibodies
Activated B cells mature into plasma cells, produce antibodies M - G
T cells have several subtypes, require co-stimulation of T receptor/MHC and surface glycoproteins

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12
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Anti-body mediated immune response
B cells make specific antibodies to invading antigens
B cell activation upon binding to antigen
Division B cells with help of Helper T cells
Destruction of antigen by neutralization/ opsonization

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13
Q

Where does humoral immunity occur?

A

B cells produced bone marrow
Released blood or lymph

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14
Q

What is cell mediated immunity response?

A

Doesn’t use antibodies
Use antigen presenting cells and T- cells

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15
Q

What are the 4 type of T cells?

A

1) T-helper cells- has receptor- CD4 receptor
- help recognition antigen
2) T-killer cells (cytotoxic cells)- kill the infected cell
- CD8 receptor which forms complex
- complexes release perforins
- cause lysis cells
3) T-suppressor cells- suppress action T- cells when infection
- removed
- prevent immune system overreactive
- regulatory cell
4) T-memory cells- second exposure to any specific antigen
- memory cells converted into effector cells T-
- helper and cytotoxic T- cells
- larger and faster attack than first time

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16
Q

What is the receptor on T-helper cells?

A

CD4

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17
Q

What is the main receptor on T-Killer cells?

A

CD8

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18
Q

What are two types of adaptive immunity?

A

Humoral and cell mediated

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19
Q

What mediates adaptive immunity (acquired)?

A

Humoral- B
Cell mediated- T cells

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20
Q

What do activated B cells mature into?

A

Plasma cells
Produce antibodies M-G

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21
Q

Outline innate immune response?

A

Non-specific
1) Pathogen detected by phagocyte
- Pathogens unique antigens (PAMPs)
- Phagocytes recognise using Pathogen Recognition Receptors
(PRRs)
2) Phagocyte activated
Signalling molecules- interferons help in phagocyte activation
3) Phagocytes engulfs pathogen
- Pathogen engulfed in phagosome (vesicle)
4) Lysozymes break down pathogen
- Inside phagocyte- phagosome fuses with lysosome.
- Lysosome releases lysozymes into phagosome
- Hydrolyse pathogen.
5) Phagocytes expel waste via exocytosis
- Products into MHC class II molecules- used antigen presentation
process- activate T-helper cells

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22
Q

What molecule is used for antigen presentation?

A

MHC class II molecules

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23
Q

What breaks down pathogens?

A

Lysozymes

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24
Q

What is the vesicle that contains a pathogen?

A

Phagosome

25
Q

What leukocytes responsible antigen presenting?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

26
Q

What are two types lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells

27
Q

Function of T cells and where originate and mature?

A

Originate- Bone marrow
Mature- Thymus
Cytoxic, T helper- activate B cells

28
Q

Function of B cells and where originate and mature?

A

Originate- bone marrow
Mature- bone marrow
Produce antibodies and memory cells

29
Q

Where do T cells originate from?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

30
Q

What is clonal deletion?

A

Deleting any immune cells that respond to self-antigens

31
Q

What are the two types of clonal deletion?

A

Central tolerance- during maturation B and T travel tissue matrix contains all self antigens- if reacts kills off
Peripheral tolerance- occurs before mature

32
Q

What are 4 types T-cell?

A

TC- cytotoxic
TM- memory
TH- helper
TR- regulatory

33
Q

Explain process of cell mediated immunity?

A

1- Phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
2- TH cells are activated by APCs
- Activate pathogen-specific TC, TM, B-cells
- TH cells produce cytokines- increase proliferation of these cells
- produce interferons- increase
immune response.
3- TC cells kill pathogens
4- TM cells provide long-term immunity
5- TR cells regulate other white blood cell
- Inhibit immune response of WBCs- prevent attack own cells
6- B cells produce antibodies- specific to pathogen

34
Q

How do cytoxic T cells work?

A

1- TC cell bind to MHC molecules of infected cells
2- Perforins are produced- bind to CSM- perforate membrane
3- Granzyme enzymes are produced- perforate membrane
- Granzyme A- catalyse reactions poison cell
- Granzyme B catalyses reactions destroy cell
4- Apoptosis occurs
- TC cells express protein- Fas ligand on CSM
- TC cell bind to target cell- Fas ligand binds to Fas receptor
- Activation of Fas receptor leads to activation of apoptosis
5- Interferons are released
- Inhibit viral replication in the surrounding area

35
Q

What is used to kill cell in cell mediated

A

Perforins
Granzyme enzymes- perforate membrane
- Granzyme A- catalyse reactions poison cell
- Granzyme B catalyses reactions destroy cell

36
Q

Function interferons?

A

Inhibit viral replication surrounding area

37
Q

Define opsination?

A

Virus covered with attachment proteins- prevent binding to and infecting cells

38
Q

Outline immune system

A
39
Q

What is involved in the innate immune system?

A

Physical barriers- skin
Chemical barriers- stomach acid, lysozymes

Inflammatory response- neutrophils, phagocytosus

40
Q

What is involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

Two parts
1) Cell mediated- T-Lymphocytes
2) Humoral- B- Lymphocytes- antibodies

41
Q

Explain humoral immunity?

A

1- TH cells activate pathogen specific B cells
2- B cells proliferate- mitosis (clonal expansion)
3- B cells differentiate into plasma cells or B memory cells
4- Plasma B Cells involved primary immune response
- Produce antibodies against specific antigen
5- Memory B Cells involved secondary immune response
- Secondary infection by same pathogen
- Memory B cells differentiate into plasma B cells
- Quickly produce antibodies against pathogen.
- Immunological memory.

42
Q

What cell kills virus infected cells?

A

CD8 Cytoxic T-cells

43
Q

What function of CD4 TH1 cells?

A

Provide help B cells for antibody prod
Activate infected macrophages

44
Q

Function of CD4 TH2 cells?

A

Help B cells antibody prod.
Esp switch IgE

45
Q

Function CD4 TH17 cells?

A

Enhance neutrophil response
Promote barrier integrity

46
Q

What cell aids in switching B cell antibody production?

A

TFH cells

47
Q

What suppresses T-cell response?

A

CD4 regulatory T cells

48
Q

What are the 5 different antibodies?

A

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

49
Q

What is function of different antibodies?

A

IgA- found saliva, tear, mucus
- protect against inhaled and ingested pathogens
- prevent pathogens entering body
IgD- found surface B cells
- help B cells leave bone marrow
IgE- skin, lungs
- cause mast cell release histamine
- fight allergic reactions
IgG- most common antibody- 70-75%
- blood and tissue fluids
- act opsonin
- protect from viral and bacterial
IgM- blood and lymph
- encountered first- no need T cell
- immune regulation

50
Q

What is most abundant antibody in body?

A

IgG
Acts opsonin

51
Q

What antibody doesn’t require T cell help?

A

IgM

52
Q

What antibody prevents pathogens entering body?

A

IgA

53
Q

What antibody helps mature B cells leave bone marrow?

A

IgD

54
Q

What antibody is involved in allergic reaction response?

A

IgE

55
Q

How are allergic reactions classified?

A

Gell and coombs hypersensitivity classification

56
Q

What are diff types of Gell and coombs hypersensitivity classification?

A

Type 1
Allergy, anaphylaxis and atopy – IgE dependent acute response
IgE causes release histamine from mast cells
Activate FcεR1 receptor, cause vasodilatation, open gap junctions

Type 2
IgG bind self antigens (autoimmune)
Cytotoxic
Attacks body’s own cells
e.g Goodpastures syndrome
IgG raised to type IV collagen (basal lamina) cause pulmonary haemorrhage
Mycoplasma pneumoniae mistaken for antigen on RBCs- cause haemolytic anaemia

Type 3
Immune complex diseases
Large scale immune response
Complexes bound IgG precipitate- unable cleared by macrophages
e.g farmer’s lung,

Type 4
Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
T helper cells form granulomas
Around pathogens with macrophages in cell-mediated response
E.g tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, contact dermatitis

57
Q

What is histamine released by? Effect?

A

Mast cells release histamine
Caused IgE
Activate FcεR1 receptor, cause vasodilatation, open gap junctions

58
Q

What is ARDS?

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome, due to widespread inflammation. Leads to resp. failure, non-cardiogenic oedema, multiorgan failure

Respiratory (8 decks)

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