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Respiratory > Lung Infections > Flashcards

Lung Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the epidemiology of lung infections

A

Areas poor in resources have a high prevalence

More common in children and elderly

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2
Q

Which lung diseases contribute to the global burden of disease according to DALYs

A
  1. Acute lung infection
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. COPD
  4. Asthma
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3
Q

Which pathogens are associated with community acquired pneumonia (CAP)

A

Rhinovirus
Influenza A or B
Respiratory syncytial virus

Strep. Pneumoniae
S. Aureus
Haemophilius influenza

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4
Q

Which pathogens are associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia

A 
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella species
E. Coli
Acinetobacter species
Enterobacter species
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5
Q

What are some atypical pathogens (not covered by penicillin)

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumonia
Legionella pneumophilia

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6
Q

Which pathogen is the most common cause of bronchitis and sinusitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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7
Q

What are the risk factors of lung disease

A 
Age (babies and elderly)
Smoking
Excess alcohol
Contact with children 
Poverty and overcrowding
Medication e.g. corticosteroids 
Diabetes 
Respiratory disease
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8
Q

How can lung disease be assessed

A

Chest radiograph
Blood test (full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver function, C-reactive protein)
Arterial blood gasses
Microbiological investigation (sputum and blood culture, urine antigen tests)

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9
Q

How are lung diseases diagnosed

A 
Acute lower respiratory tract symptoms
New focal chest signs 
>1 systemic feature (fever, shivers, aches and pain, temperature >38)
No other explanation
CRB 65
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10
Q

What is the treatment for lung infection

A 
Oxygen for hypoxia
Fluids for dehydration
Analgesia for pain 
(Nebulised saline  and chest physiotherapy)
Antibiotics
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11
Q

What can viral infection of the lungs lead to

A

Damage to the epithelium
Mediatory release
Cellular inflammation
Local immune memory

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12
Q

What can damage to epithelium due to viral infection lead to

A

Loss of cilia
Bacterial growth
poor barrier to antigen
Loss of chemoreceptors

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13
Q

What are some common viral agents for lung infection

A 
Rhinovirus 
Coronavirus
Parainfluenza virus
Respiratory syncytial virus 
Adenovirus
Enterovirus
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14
Q

What are some predisposing illnesses to lung infection

A

Frail elderly
COPD/asthma
Diabetes, obesity, pregnancy

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15
Q

Describe the vaccine for influenza

A

Imperfect vaccines
Vaccine-induced immunity rapidly wanes
Mainly homotypic immunity
Annual vaccination required

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16
Q

Compare the infection by influenza to RSV

A

No re-infection by the same strain
vs
Recurrent re-infection with similar strains

17
Q

Describe the vaccine for RSV

A

No vaccines
Poor immunogenicity
Vaccine-enhanced disease
Very active research field

18
Q

What are the effects of RSV

A

RSV causes cells to obstruct the airways
Bronchioles will be full of inflammatory cells
Major cause of progressive respiratory disease

19
Q

What are the barriers to infection

A 
Mucociliary clearance in the upper airway
Sticky mucus layer
Beating cilia propels the mucous 
Coughing and swallowing
Immunoglobulin and macrophages
Innate - IgA
20
Q

Describe pneumonia

A

Infection of the alveoli
5% deaths
Alveoli are filled with inflammatory cells, fibrin, cell debris, pus and bacteria
Bacteraemia

21
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia

A 
Cough 
Breathlessness
Fever
green sputum
Confusion (elderly)
22
Q

Describe bronchiectasis and its treatment

A

Persistently dilated airways secondary to chronic inflammation

Physiotherapy for sputum clearance
Antibiotics (resistance)
CF/PCD/TB/Allergy/RA

23
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

Breathlessness
Recurrent infections
Chronic fatigue

24
Q

Which pathogen is a common cause of pneumonia

A

Strep. Pneumoniae

Produces pneumolysin toxin which perforates the membrane

Respiratory (16 decks)

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