Lung Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of allergic diseases?

A

Upper airways = allergic rhinitis
Bronchi = asthma
Alveoli = allergic alveolitis

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of hypersensitivities and how are these split even further?

A

Immunological = IgE mediated (atopic disease) e.g. asthma or Non IgE mediated e.g. farmers lung

Non-immunological = Intolerance e.g. food, enzyme deficiency e.g. lacrosse, pharmacological e.g. hypersensitivity to aspirin

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3
Q

What is allergy?

A

Exaggerated response tho allergen

NOT A DISEASE, it is a mechanism

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4
Q

What do t helper type 1 and 2 target respectively?

A
Type1 (stimulate cytotoxic, IgM, IgA)= viruses, bacteria, fungi, Protozoa
Type 2 (stimulate eosinophils, basophils, mast cells IgE)= helminth parasites and ectoparasites (ticks)
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5
Q

What is the pathway for acute allergy?

A

IgE made by B cells helped by Th2
IgE binds to mast cell (in tissues)
Allergen binds to IgE
Mast cell degranulation and produces histamine

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6
Q

What is the pathway for chronic allergy?

A

Antigen presenting cell binds to allergen

Th2 detects it and clones to for cytokines and chemokine

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7
Q

What are the 4 cytokines that Th2 cells produce?

A

Il-4 = IgE synthesis
Il-5 = eosinophils development
Il-9 = mast cell development
Il- 13 = IgE synthesis and airway hyperesponsivness

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8
Q

What is atopy?

A

Predisposition to produce IgE against common allergens

These tissues are normally full of Th2 and eosinophils

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9
Q

What is the atopic march?

A

Allergic disease progressing during life starting with food allergies and ending with asthma
BUT on an individual level this is not very common

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10
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Allergic disease of the upper airway
Affects 15% children and adults
Different allergens that peak at different times of year but mainly spring and summer

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11
Q

What does it mean when asthma is a heterogenous disease?

A

It has many phenotypes

  • different severities
  • induced by different things
  • different mechanisms e.g. eosinophils and neutrophils
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12
Q

What is the mechanism of allergic alveolitis?

A

Small particles penetrate alveolus
Come into contact with antigens in the capillary
Trigger other responses

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13
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Systemic allergic reaction

  • tongue swelling
  • bronchoconstriction
  • tingling
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14
Q

What is the trend of allergic disease?

A

They are increasing

no. Of hospital admissions due to anaphylaxis increase x7 from 1990 to 2000

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15
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

Getting rid of germs, means that our bodies become more allergic to germs when they do come into contact with them

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16
Q

What three treatments do we ave for allergic disease?

A

Avoiding allergen
Ambit allergic reaction
Immunotherapy

17
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Giving small doses of the thing that someone is allergic to in a controlled manner t build up tolerance

18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of immunotherapy

A

Effective, long lasting immunity

Sever allergic reactions. Time consuming

19
Q

How does immunotherapy work?

A

By more than one mechanism

  • downregulate Th2 response
  • upregulate th1 response
  • upregulate regulatory T cells