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CRRAB II - Anatomy/Embryology/Histology > Lung Embryology > Flashcards

Lung Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

The epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea and bronchi, as well as the epithelium from the lungs arise from which embryological tissue?

A

endoderm

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1
Q

What embryological structure gives rise to the laryngotracheal groove?

A

Ventral wall of primitive pharynx (caudal to 4th pharyngeal pouch)

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2
Q

What are the surrounding tissues to the lung (smooth muscle, cartilage, connective tissue) derived from?

A

splanchnic mesenchyme

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3
Q

What is the laryngeal cartilage developed from?

A

Neural crest mesenchyme

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4
Q

Describe the trajectory of the developing structure that separates the esophagus from the trachea.

A

Tracheoesophageal fold -> Tracheoesophageal septum -> Esophagus and laryngotracheal tube

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5
Q

Which levels of pharyngeal arches give rise to the laryngeal cartilage?

A

4th and 6th

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6
Q

What did the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches develop from?

A

Neural crest mesenchyme

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7
Q

What are the laryngeal muscles developed from?

A

Myoblasts from 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

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8
Q

What innervates laryngeal muscles?

A

Vagus nerve: Superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves

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9
Q

What is the most common congenital abnormality of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

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10
Q

What is the most common tracheoesophageal fistula structure?

A

Esophageal atresia with caudal fistula

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11
Q

What complications arise from an esophageal atresia with caudal fistula?

A

Inability to swallow into stomach
Lipid pneumonia in lungs
Digestive enzymes in lungs

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12
Q

What developmental abnormality results in a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Abnormal partitioning of tracheoesophageal septum

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13
Q

Why is polyhydramnios seen in TE fistulas?

A

Accumulation of amniotic fluid because fetus cannot swallow and digest amniotic fluid, resulting in less transfer to mother’s blood through the placenta

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14
Q

Outline the structural development of the bronchopulmonary segments from the laryngotracheal groove

A

Laryngotracheal groove -> laryngotracheal diverticulum -> respiratory bud -> primary bronchial buds -> secondary bronchial buds -> segmental branches (bronchopulmonary segments)

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15
Q

What embryological structure do the bronchial buds grow into?

A

Pericardioperitoneal canal

16
Q

What is bronchial connective tissue, smooth muscle, cartilagenous plates, pulmonary connective tissue and vasculature derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

17
Q

What is the visceral pleura derived from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

18
Q

What is the parietal pleura derived from?

A

Somatic mesoderm

19
Q

What is an azygous lobe?

A

When part of the lung bud grows medial to the azygous vein instead of lateral, leading to an indentation of the lung and giving another pseudolobe

20
Q

What abnormal muscular development oftentimes results in lung hypoplasia?

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

21
Q

What is the developmental abnormality with congenital diaphragmatic hernias?

A

Pleural peritoneal membrane fails to fuse with developing diaphragm

22
Q

How does oligohydramnios cause lung hypoplasia?

A

Uterus presses down on thorax, compresses lung development

23
Q

The part of lung development where ductal airways start to form but alveoli are not present is called…

A

Pseudoglandular stage

24
Q

What direction do respiratory passageways start to form?

A

Cranial to caudal

25
Q

What stage of lung development is characterized by vascularization of developing alveoli?

A

Canalicular stage

26
Q

During which stage of development do pneumocytes start to form?

A

Saccular stage

27
Q

What do type 1 pneumocytes arise from?

A

Endoderm

28
Q

What is the type I pneumocyte? Type II pneumocyte?

A

Type I pneumocyte: simple squamous epithelium of endodermal origin
Type II: Glandular cell that makes surfactant

29
Q

What two specific things are the most significant determinants of neonatal survival?

A

Adequate vasculature and surfactant

30
Q

What two cells basement membranes fuse during development?

A

Type I Pneumocytes and capillary epithelial cells

31
Q

What do respiratory movements do for the fetus?

A

Develop musculature

32
Q

What results in the removal of alveolar fluid from the thorax?

A
  1. Pressure on thorax during vaginal delivery, out of nose and mouth
  2. Into capillaries
  3. Into lymph
33
Q

What results in hyaline membrane disease/Respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Inadequate surfactant production

34
Q

Administration of what during development results in more rapid lung development?

A

Corticosteroids (betamethasone)

35
Q

What weeks of development is the fetus in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

6-16 weeks

36
Q

What stage of development is the fetus in the canalicular stage?

A

16-26 weeks

37
Q

At what stage of development is the fetus in the saccular stage?

A

26 weeks-birth

CRRAB II - Anatomy/Embryology/Histology (3 decks)

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