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MED6113 > Lung development > Flashcards

Lung development Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pseudoglandular phase of lung development.

A

This takes place from 6 to 16 weeks gestation.

The lung is a mass of tissue with little channels developing within.

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2
Q

Describe the canalicular phase of lung development.

A

Airways branch and blood vessels grow alongside them.

This takes place from 16 to 26 weeks gestation.

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3
Q

Describe the saccular phase of lung development.

A
  • Ongoing branching of airways.
  • Alveoli counts go up
  • Septae form within the alveoli to provide larger SA and more extensive blood supply
  • Mesenchyme regresses, forming an air filled structure in the chest

This takes place from 26 to 32 weeks gestation.

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4
Q

How is hyaline membrane formed?

A

Injury to the thin and fragile type I pneumocytes increases permeability of airways.
Plasma from the surrounding blood vessels influx into the alveolus, forming a hyaline membrane

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5
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air leaks through and is collected outside of the lung, within the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung

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6
Q

What drugs can be used to close the ductus arteriosus?

A

NSAIDs

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7
Q

At what point does the fertilised egg divide to give dichorionic diamniotic?

A

Before 4 days

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8
Q

At what point does the fertilised egg divide to give monochorionic diamniotic?

A

4-8 days

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9
Q

At what point does the fertilised egg divide to give monochorionic monoamniotic

A

8-13 days

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10
Q

At what point does the fertilised egg divide to give conjoined twins?

A

After 13 days

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11
Q

If the twins are dichorionic, what is the inter twin membrane thickness?

A

> 2.4 mm

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12
Q

If the twins are monochorionic, what is the inter twin membrane thickness?

A

< 1.8 mm

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13
Q

What type of inter-twin membrane placental insertion is indicative of dichorionic twins?

A

Lambda

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14
Q

What type of inter-twin membrane placental insertion is indicative of monochorionic twins?

A

T sign

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15
Q

If there are 2 membrane layers, what type of twin is this indicative of?

A

Monochorionic diamniotic

The 2 membrane layers = 2 amnions

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16
Q

If there are 4 membrane layers, what type of twin is this indicative of?

A

Dichorionic diamniotic

The 4 membrane layers = 2 chorions, 2 amnions

17
Q

What is the treatment of choice for twin to twin transfusion?

A

Fetoscopic laser technique

18
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

High haemoglobin

19
Q

What is the difference between TAPS and TTTS

A
  • TAPS has no oligohydramnios/polyhydramnios sequence
  • TTTS occurs due to large, central artery-to-vein connections. TAPS occurs due to tiny, peripheral artery-to-vein connections.
20
Q

What is selective fetal growth restriction?

A

Growth discordance of >20%

21
Q

When should type I selective growth restricted twins be delivered?

A

34-36 weeks

22
Q

When should type II and III selective growth restricted twins be delivered?

A

32 weeks

23
Q

What is TRAP?

A

Structurally normal twin pumps blood in a retrograde manner to abnormal twin (which lacks a heart and upper structures) because there is a superficial artery-artery anastomosis in the placenta

24
Q

When is cord entanglement in monochorionic monoamniotic twins seen?

A

Before 20 weeks gestation

25
Q

What does sulindac do?

A

Reduces the amount of amniotic fluid production to reduce the risk of cord entanglement

26
Q

When is endovascular invasion of EVT complete by?

A

10-12 weeks

27
Q

Failed endovascular invasion

A

EVT invasion is limited to the decidua and does not invade into the myometrium

28
Q

Where are paternal HLAs (-A, -B and -C) presented on?

A

Placental macrophages and chorionic villus

29
Q

What is anti D prophylaxis?

A

Anti D destroys the anti-Rh+ve IgG so that fetal RBCs are not attacked.

MED6113 (9 decks)

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